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annotate Handset-UI-fw @ 24:00216b7cfc4d

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Quadband-ideas: better explanation of DCS/PCS switching or diplexing mystery
author Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
date Sat, 09 Nov 2019 23:45:15 +0000
parents fcd1cf531017
children 2e9719074e79
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1 The present article is a companion to the TCS211 firmware architecture document
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2 (TCS211-fw-arch). Those who are interested in the FreeCalypso phone handset
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3 goal (which is currently a very distant goal) should read the TCS211-fw-arch
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4 document first and then this article, whereas those who are more interested in
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5 the rock solid FreeCalypso modem (as opposed to handset) solution which is
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6 already available today and would like to understand our modem fw better only
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7 need to read the TCS211-fw-arch document and can safely skip this handset UI
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8 addendum.
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9
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10 TI's offerings for handset UI
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11 =============================
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12
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13 Unlike their rock solid, full commercial product offering for AT-command-
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14 controlled modems, TI never produced a reference phone handset firmware
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15 implementation that could be used as-is with minimal or no changes: instead
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16 they provided a very rough proof-of-concept implementation which is nowhere
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17 close to usable, and left it up to their customers (handset manufacturers) to
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18 whip it into even a minimally decent shape. Furthermore, they had several
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19 different approaches over the years to what the GSM industry calls by the
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20 sexist term "MMI":
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21
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22 * They once had something called SMI, for "simple MMI" or "slim MMI". We have
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23 what appears to be the complete source for this SMI component as part of the
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24 MV100-0.1.rar and 94140216gsm.rar finds, but both of those finds are just
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25 broken fragments, not a complete firmware for any target. It might be
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26 possible to integrate this unknown-origin SMI source into Magnetite and get
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27 it to work with the TCS2 version of ACI, but no such feat has been attempted
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28 yet - it would be a mere curiosity, not something for practical use.
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29
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30 * SMI later gave way to a successor called BMI for "basic MMI", which is much
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31 bigger in terms of code size and complexity and consists of two layers: there
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32 is a layer called MFW (mobile framework) that sits on top of ACI, and then
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33 BMI proper sits on top of MFW. This incarnation of TI's demo/prototype phone
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34 UI is the one which they officially supported in the TCS211 program, and our
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35 copy of TCS211 from OM miraculously has these BMI+MFW sources included, even
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36 though OM obviously didn't use this code and could not even compile it without
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37 doing some surgery on the build system. Our other TCS3.2/LoCosto source also
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38 has BMI and MFW matching that newer version of G23M ACI and PS components,
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39 and we use this new TCS3 version of BMI+MFW in our TCS2/TCS3 hybrid config.
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40
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41 * It appears that TI once had or were trying to develop some kind of Riviera-
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42 based "MMI" code as an alternative to the Condat-based SMI and BMI. SMI and
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43 BMI+MFW execute in the same "MMI" GPF task as ACI and communicate with it
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44 through direct function calls; in contrast, the alternative Riviera MMI would
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45 run somewhere in Riviera land and communicate with ACI through ATP and some
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46 kind of ACI adapter. We never got any of this code, and it is not clear if
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47 it was ever a reality beyond just the idea.
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48
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49 In any case, it is clear from the code that TI's SSA group in France who
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50 developed the drivers for various Calypso chipset peripherals including LCDs,
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51 keypads and ringing buzzers on their development boards and the Condat UK group
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52 who did SMI and BMI had very different visions and ideas. Some examples:
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53
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54 * The Calypso DSP has a built-in mechanism for playing quite pleasant-sounding
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55 ringtone melodies through a loudspeaker driven by the chipset's ABB, and the
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56 SSA group developed their RiViera Audio Service front-end to these L1+DSP
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57 audio services, but Condat's code makes absolutely minimal use of this RV
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58 Audio Service, just enough to be compatible with it, and does not use any of
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59 the melody functions, neither E1 nor E2.
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60
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61 * In the original TCS211 architecture before LoCosto changes, the driver for
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62 the physical LCD was/is R2D in the Riviera/SSA land. R2D provides a very rich
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63 set of text and graphics drawing primitives, but Condat's display layer does
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64 not use any of them: instead they obtain the raw framebuffer address from R2D
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65 and do all drawing operations themselves.
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66
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67 * The TCS211 code we got had a jaw-dropping bug in the code path for ringing
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68 the piezoelectric buzzer: due to a miscommunication between the French folks
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69 in charge of the actual buzzer driver in chipsetsw and the German or UK folks
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70 in charge of Condat's audio layer, the buzzer always rang at some 99 Hz (its
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71 lowest possible frequency, horrible on ears) no matter what tone frequency
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72 was intended. Given that our copy of TCS211 dates from 2007 and considering
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73 how old the buzzer function must be, it hurts to think for how many years
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74 that bug sat there without anyone wondering why ringing sounds so horrible.
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75
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76 In terms of the code architecture, none of Condat's UI code ever calls any of
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77 the actual drivers in the SSA realm directly: instead everything goes through
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78 the Condat drivers layer in condat/com/src/driver, and that layer provides a
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79 very poor adaptation as highlighted above.
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80
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81 LCD support
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82 ===========
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83
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84 TI's demo/prototype UI code never supported a wide variety of different display
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85 sizes or keypad layouts - instead they only supported whatever existed on their
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86 in-house development boards at each given point in their history. TI's C-Sample
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87 and earlier development boards had 84x48 pixel B&W displays, whereas from
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88 D-Sample onward they made the big jump to a 176x220 pixel color LCD. Both
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89 versions of the UI we got (TCS211 targeting D-Sample and TCS3.2 targeting
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90 I-Sample, TI's LoCosto board) were developed on 176x220 pixel color LCD
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91 platforms, and that is the only display size which they intended to support.
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92 There also exists a remnant of support for their earlier 84x48 pixel C-Sample
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93 LCD, which we resurrected in FreeCalypso to see it run on Mot C139 hardware,
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94 but that support was broken: it would not even compile without our fixes. In
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95 our current FC Magnetite firmware we can build this C-Sample UI version for the
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96 C139 target and it works in the demo / proof-of-concept sense, but it is likely
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97 to be even more broken than the official 176x220 pixel version.
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98
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99 Anyone interested in adding support for a different LCD will need to start with
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100 the R2D driver under src/cs/drivers/drv_app/r2d. The principal LCD type
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101 selection is done in r2d_config.h (C-Sample and D-Sample are the only options
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102 supported by the version we got with TCS211), and this selection affects all of
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103 R2D and all of its clients. Our change to this r2d_config.h LCD type selection
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104 logic consists of selecting C-Sample instead of D-Sample when the build target
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105 is C139. A secondary selection is made in r2d_inits.c and r2d_refresh.c where
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106 the code snippets for the actual hardware initialization and output are
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107 included: the way we currently support the C139 hw target is a very thorough
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108 emulation of the C-Sample including its vertical B&W framebuffer format, all of
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109 the code in R2D and in Condat's display driver sees a real C-Sample LCD, and
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110 only the hardware-poking code is substituted.
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111
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112 The direct implication of our C-Sample emulation approach for the C139 LCD is
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113 that the full 96x64 pixel size of Motorola's LCD becomes completely
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114 inaccessible, and all software sees a 84x48 pixel subset. The same happens
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115 with color: because TI's C-Sample LCD was B&W, the color capabilities of the
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116 real C139 LCD become inaccessible. Anyone who wishes to fix this shortcoming
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117 would need to implement a new bona fide LCD type in R2D, and then adapt
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118 Condat's display driver accordingly.
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119
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120 Condat's display driver (condat/com/src/driver/display.c) is very messy and
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121 very difficult to understand. The only change we have made to it in FreeCalypso
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122 was fixing the support for the C-Sample LCD which was bitrotten: the bitrot and
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123 our fix for it is not specific to the C139, it would affect a real C-Sample
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124 board just as well. Understanding this code well enough to extend it to other
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125 LCD geometries and framebuffer formats would be a much greater challenge.
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126
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127 Above Condat's display driver lies the actual UI implementation in BMI and MFW.
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128 This UI code supports only 3 possible configurations:
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129
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130 * Both COLOURDISPLAY and LSCREEN defined: the display is 176x220 color;
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131
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132 * LSCREEN is defined but not COLOURDISPLAY: the display is 176x220 B&W - TI
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133 used this config when building "GSM Lite" fw for the D-Sample;
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134
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135 * Neither LSCREEN nor COLOURDISPLAY defined: the old 84x48 pixel B&W UI from
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136 the days of C-Sample and earlier.
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137
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138 Note the lack of support for small color displays like the one on the C139.
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139
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140 Text fonts
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141 ----------
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142
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143 The SSA group's R2D driver provides text display functions and contains its own
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144 fonts, but Condat's stuff does not use those display functions or fonts -
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145 instead BMI and MFW (and presumably SMI too) use a different font/text
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146 implementation contained in the Condat drivers layer.
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147
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148 Keypad support
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149 ==============
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150
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151 The hardware keypad driver is KPD in Riviera/SSA land, residing in
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152 chipsetsw/drivers/drv_app/kpd in TCS211 or in src/cs/drivers/drv_app/kpd in
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153 Magnetite and Selenite. Unlike the display driver R2D, KPD is always included
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154 even in modem firmware builds - but if there is no keypad connected to the
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155 Calypso, it does nothing. TI's firmware architecture and UI code support only
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156 traditional numeric keypads - there is no provision for supporting a full QWERTY
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157 keyboard. However, if the keypad layout on a given phone handset is close
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158 enough to what TI had on their development boards, modifying KPD for the
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159 specific wiring is very easy: we have already added proper support for Mot C1xx
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160 and Pirelli DP-L10 keypads.
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161
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162 Battery monitoring and charging
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163 ===============================
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164
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165 TI had two incarnations of their battery charging and monitoring driver: first
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166 PWR, then LCC. Both were implemented in Riviera/SSA land. LCC was not a good
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167 fit for our targets of interest (Mot C1xx, Pirelli DP-L10 and our desired
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168 FreeCalypso Libre Dumbphone hardware) while PWR had other problems, so we
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169 retired both of them and wrote our own replacement called FCHG.
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170
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171 There is a quirk, however: there is no connection in the TCS211 code as
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172 delivered by TI between their demo/prototype UI (or rather between Condat's
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173 power driver stub) and either of their battery driver implementations. At the
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174 time of TCS211-2007 the original PWR driver had already been retired and only
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175 LCC was supported, but even that LCC driver had no connection to the UI: one
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176 could remove it from the fw build configuration and the UI code would still
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177 compile and link just fine, which would not be possible if there were any calls
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178 to LCC's API functions. The practical effect of this quirk is that there is no
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179 need to resurrect PWR or LCC in order to run TI's UI code in its pristine
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180 original form - using our own FCHG or no battery management driver at all is
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181 just as fine.
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182
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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183 The proper way to get proper support for Mot C139
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
184 =================================================
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185
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186 I (Mother Mychaela) feel very strongly that the best way to produce practically
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187 usable end user FreeCalypso firmware for the C139 target would be to do it
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188 together with our own FreeCalypso Libre Dumbphone development, as opposed to
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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189 trying to support the C139 to the exclusion of our own FreeCalypso hardware.
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190 Specifically, I propose the following order of steps:
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191
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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192 1) First build our own FreeCalypso UI development board, a derivative of the
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193 FCDEV3B adding a 176x220 pixel color LCD and other miscellany to serve as a
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194 replacement for TI's D-Sample.
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195
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196 2) Retire the C-Sample UI configuration and our currently implemented C-Sample
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197 emulation hack on the C139, and start running TI's UI code the way TI's own
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198 developers ran it on the D-Sample.
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199
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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200 3) Change the "small screen" UI layout from 84x48 to 96x64 pixels (from 6 rows
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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diff changeset
201 of 14 characters to 8 rows of 16 characters with TI's existing font), and
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parents:
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202 fix the bugs related to displaying this "small screen" (!LSCREEN) UI on a
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parents:
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203 physically larger LCD - we would like to display it on our 176x220 pixel UI
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parents:
diff changeset
204 development board.
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parents:
diff changeset
205
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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206 4) Extend the UI code to allow the possibility of COLOURDISPLAY && !LSCREEN,
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
207 i.e., a small (96x64 pixels) color display like on the C139. Have this
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208 96x64 pixel color UI displayed on our 176x220 pixel UI development board.
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209
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210 5) Work on getting the actual UI into shape, keeping the two configurations of
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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211 176x220 pixel color (future FreeCalypso Libre Dumbphone) and 96x64 pixel
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
212 color (Mot C139) as actively supported ones. Do all development on our
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diff changeset
213 176x220 pixel UI development board.
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214
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215 6) Once the UI-enabled firmware works decently on our development board in both
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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216 176x220 and 96x64 configurations, add native C139 LCD support (not C-Sample
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
217 emulation) to R2D, adapt Condat's display driver as necessary if we are still
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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218 using it (if we don't find a way to get rid of it by this point), and run
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219 our 96x64 pixel color UI config on real C139 hardware. At this point we
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
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220 should have practically usable end user FreeCalypso fw on the C139.
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221
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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222 7) While the less demanding and more casual phone users will be happy with the
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
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223 feeble C139 if it runs our FreeCalypso fw, those of us who desire the
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parents:
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224 Ultimate Awesome Libre Dumbphone will be able to take our 176x220 pixel UI
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parents:
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225 development board and start turning it into an actual FreeCalypso Libre
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
226 Dumbphone handset. This will be the point when we can move the ringtone
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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diff changeset
227 output from the piezo buzzer to the loudspeaker (Melody E1) and start making
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parents:
diff changeset
228 other changes for better-than-C139 hardware.
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229
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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230 Of course the biggest difficulty with the above plan is that it requires
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
231 designing and building a new piece of hardware as its very first critical step.
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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diff changeset
232 My personal plan is to kill two birds with one stone: design the board in such
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
233 a way that it can be used both as a development board for the above plan and as
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parents:
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234 a close-to-final prototype for my desired FC Libre Dumbphone handset - although
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parents:
diff changeset
235 not completely final, as this board would absolutely need to be usable in its
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
236 bare form on a lab bench without plastics, which calls for a somewhat different
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
237 design than a final handset product.
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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238
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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239 Anyone who disagrees with my approach, anyone who is against designing and
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
240 building new custom hardware at high cost and who is instead interested first
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
241 and foremost in pre-existing hardware targets like Mot C139 is more than welcome
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
242 to delve into the code themselves and try their own hand at fixing the code to
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
243 make it practically usable on the C139. However, I have to warn you: if you
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
244 spend a significant amount of time working with TI's code and develop an
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
245 affection for it, it is quite possible that you will start to feel the way I do
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
246 in terms of desiring a D-Sample-like platform for development.
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parents:
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247
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
248 Why Mot C139?
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
249 =============
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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250
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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251 Out of the known repertoire of pre-existing Calypso-based phones whose existence
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
252 has been discovered by OsmocomBB and for which we already have some foundations
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parents:
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253 of support in FreeCalypso, Mot C139 is the most suitable one for the purpose of
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parents:
diff changeset
254 turning it into a Libre Dumbphone by way of aftermarket firmware. Here are the
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
255 problems with the other ones:
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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256
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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257 * Pirelli DP-L10 is my absolute favourite with an end user hat on, but the
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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parents:
diff changeset
258 unwanted extra chips for the unwanted-for-us WLAN and camera functionality
fcd1cf531017 TCS211-fw-arch masterpiece written
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259 are a killer. There are no schematics for the phone and no documentation for
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260 any of these chips, and we don't know how to power them down. In a fully
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261 quiescent state with all Calypso sleep modes enabled and with both LCD and
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262 keypad backlights off, the board still draws about 87 mA from the battery,
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263 which will kill a fully charged battery in about 10 hours of complete idle.
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264 Furthermore, it is not possible to turn on the loudspeaker without going
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265 through the W56940 ringtone chip, and the reset line for this chip comes from
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266 a GPIO on the completely undocumented camera chip - thus without a way to
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267 control this reset line we may not be able to program the W56940, and without
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268 that programming we may not be able to turn on the loudspeaker, ruining all
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269 usefulness of this phone.
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270
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271 * Mot C11x/12x family is good in terms of not having any undocumented hardware,
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272 but the tiny RAM capacity is a bummer. These lowest-end phones have only
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273 256 KiB of IRAM (Calypso internal RAM) and 256 KiB of XRAM (board-level RAM),
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274 whereas the next-step-up C139/140 has 512 KiB of XRAM. It is a significant
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275 difference for us: while we fit into C139's 512 KiB with no sweat, it would
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276 require some very unpleasant and unrewarding work to trim the fat and
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277 reshuffle our memory usage to fit into the 256+256 arrangement on C11x.
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278 Furthermore, most C11x/12x phones have only 2 MiB of flash, which would again
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279 require major contortions to fit into, whereas all C139/140 phones have 4 MiB.
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280
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281 * Mot C155/156 seem nice, but there is a problem: these phones ring with a
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282 loudspeaker driven by a ringtone generator chip instead of a piezo buzzer
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283 driven by the Calypso, and their ringtone generator chip is Sunplus SPMA100B.
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284 No documentation could be found for that chip, and if we can't program it, we
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285 won't be able to make the phone ring or operate its loudspeaker in any other
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286 way. Furthermore, the LCD controller in these phones is much less obvious
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287 than the one in the C139/140.