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new article DSP-speech-decoder
author Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
date Tue, 29 Oct 2024 22:11:41 +0000
parents 2e9719074e79
children
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1 The present article is a companion to the TCS211 firmware architecture document
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2 (TCS211-fw-arch). Those who are interested in the FreeCalypso phone handset
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3 goal (which is currently a very distant goal) should read the TCS211-fw-arch
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4 document first and then this article, whereas those who are more interested in
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5 the rock solid FreeCalypso modem (as opposed to handset) solution which is
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6 already available today and would like to understand our modem fw better only
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7 need to read the TCS211-fw-arch document and can safely skip this handset UI
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8 addendum.
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9
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10 TI's offerings for handset UI
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11 =============================
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12
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13 Unlike their rock solid, full commercial product offering for AT-command-
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14 controlled modems, TI never produced a reference phone handset firmware
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15 implementation that could be used as-is with minimal or no changes: instead
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16 they provided a very rough proof-of-concept implementation which is nowhere
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17 close to usable, and left it up to their customers (handset manufacturers) to
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18 whip it into even a minimally decent shape. Furthermore, they had several
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19 different approaches over the years to what the GSM industry calls by the
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20 sexist term "MMI":
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21
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22 * They once had something called SMI, for "simple MMI" or "slim MMI". We have
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23 what appears to be the complete source for this SMI component as part of the
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24 MV100-0.1.rar and 94140216gsm.rar finds, but both of those finds are just
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25 broken fragments, not a complete firmware for any target. It might be
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26 possible to integrate this unknown-origin SMI source into Magnetite and get
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27 it to work with the TCS2 version of ACI, but no such feat has been attempted
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28 yet - it would be a mere curiosity, not something for practical use.
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29
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30 * SMI later gave way to a successor called BMI for "basic MMI", which is much
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31 bigger in terms of code size and complexity and consists of two layers: there
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32 is a layer called MFW (mobile framework) that sits on top of ACI, and then
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33 BMI proper sits on top of MFW. This incarnation of TI's demo/prototype phone
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34 UI is the one which they officially supported in the TCS211 program, and our
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35 copy of TCS211 from OM miraculously has these BMI+MFW sources included, even
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36 though OM obviously didn't use this code and could not even compile it without
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37 doing some surgery on the build system. Our other TCS3.2/LoCosto source also
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38 has BMI and MFW matching that newer version of G23M ACI and PS components,
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39 and we use this new TCS3 version of BMI+MFW in our TCS2/TCS3 hybrid config.
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40
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41 * It appears that TI once had or were trying to develop some kind of Riviera-
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42 based "MMI" code as an alternative to the Condat-based SMI and BMI. SMI and
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43 BMI+MFW execute in the same "MMI" GPF task as ACI and communicate with it
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44 through direct function calls; in contrast, the alternative Riviera MMI would
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45 run somewhere in Riviera land and communicate with ACI through ATP and some
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46 kind of ACI adapter. We never got any of this code, and it is not clear if
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47 it was ever a reality beyond just the idea.
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48
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49 In any case, it is clear from the code that TI's SSA group in France who
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50 developed the drivers for various Calypso chipset peripherals including LCDs,
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51 keypads and ringing buzzers on their development boards and the Condat UK group
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52 who did SMI and BMI had very different visions and ideas. Some examples:
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53
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54 * The Calypso DSP has a built-in mechanism for playing quite pleasant-sounding
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55 ringtone melodies through a loudspeaker driven by the chipset's ABB, and the
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56 SSA group developed their RiViera Audio Service front-end to these L1+DSP
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57 audio services, but Condat's code makes absolutely minimal use of this RV
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58 Audio Service, just enough to be compatible with it, and does not use any of
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59 the melody functions, neither E1 nor E2.
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60
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61 * In the original TCS211 architecture before LoCosto changes, the driver for
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62 the physical LCD was/is R2D in the Riviera/SSA land. R2D provides a very rich
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63 set of text and graphics drawing primitives, but Condat's display layer does
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64 not use any of them: instead they obtain the raw framebuffer address from R2D
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65 and do all drawing operations themselves.
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66
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67 * The TCS211 code we got had a jaw-dropping bug in the code path for ringing
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68 the piezoelectric buzzer: due to a miscommunication between the French folks
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69 in charge of the actual buzzer driver in chipsetsw and the German or UK folks
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70 in charge of Condat's audio layer, the buzzer always rang at some 99 Hz (its
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71 lowest possible frequency, horrible on ears) no matter what tone frequency
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72 was intended. Given that our copy of TCS211 dates from 2007 and considering
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73 how old the buzzer function must be, it hurts to think for how many years
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74 that bug sat there without anyone wondering why ringing sounds so horrible.
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75
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76 In terms of the code architecture, none of Condat's UI code ever calls any of
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77 the actual drivers in the SSA realm directly: instead everything goes through
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78 the Condat drivers layer in condat/com/src/driver, and that layer provides a
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79 very poor adaptation as highlighted above.
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80
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81 LCD support
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82 ===========
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83
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84 TI's demo/prototype UI code never supported a wide variety of different display
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85 sizes or keypad layouts - instead they only supported whatever existed on their
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86 in-house development boards at each given point in their history. TI's C-Sample
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87 and earlier development boards had 84x48 pixel B&W displays, whereas from
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88 D-Sample onward they made the big jump to a 176x220 pixel color LCD. Both
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89 versions of the UI we got (TCS211 targeting D-Sample and TCS3.2 targeting
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90 I-Sample, TI's LoCosto board) were developed on 176x220 pixel color LCD
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91 platforms, and that is the only display size which they intended to support.
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92 There also exists a remnant of support for their earlier 84x48 pixel C-Sample
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93 LCD, which we resurrected in FreeCalypso to see it run on Mot C139 hardware,
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94 but that support was broken: it would not even compile without our fixes. In
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95 our current FC Magnetite firmware we can build this C-Sample UI version for the
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96 C139 target and it works in the demo / proof-of-concept sense, but it is likely
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97 to be even more broken than the official 176x220 pixel version.
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98
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99 Anyone interested in adding support for a different LCD will need to start with
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100 the R2D driver under src/cs/drivers/drv_app/r2d. The principal LCD type
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101 selection is done in r2d_config.h (C-Sample and D-Sample are the only options
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102 supported by the version we got with TCS211), and this selection affects all of
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103 R2D and all of its clients. Our change to this r2d_config.h LCD type selection
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104 logic consists of selecting C-Sample instead of D-Sample when the build target
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105 is C139. A secondary selection is made in r2d_inits.c and r2d_refresh.c where
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106 the code snippets for the actual hardware initialization and output are
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107 included: the way we currently support the C139 hw target is a very thorough
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108 emulation of the C-Sample including its vertical B&W framebuffer format, all of
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109 the code in R2D and in Condat's display driver sees a real C-Sample LCD, and
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110 only the hardware-poking code is substituted.
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111
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112 The direct implication of our C-Sample emulation approach for the C139 LCD is
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113 that the full 96x64 pixel size of Motorola's LCD becomes completely
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114 inaccessible, and all software sees a 84x48 pixel subset. The same happens
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115 with color: because TI's C-Sample LCD was B&W, the color capabilities of the
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116 real C139 LCD become inaccessible. Anyone who wishes to fix this shortcoming
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117 would need to implement a new bona fide LCD type in R2D, and then adapt
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118 Condat's display driver accordingly.
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119
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120 Condat's display driver (condat/com/src/driver/display.c) is very messy and
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121 very difficult to understand. The only change we have made to it in FreeCalypso
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122 was fixing the support for the C-Sample LCD which was bitrotten: the bitrot and
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123 our fix for it is not specific to the C139, it would affect a real C-Sample
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124 board just as well. Understanding this code well enough to extend it to other
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125 LCD geometries and framebuffer formats would be a much greater challenge.
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126
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127 Above Condat's display driver lies the actual UI implementation in BMI and MFW.
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128 This UI code supports only 3 possible configurations:
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129
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130 * Both COLOURDISPLAY and LSCREEN defined: the display is 176x220 color;
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131
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132 * LSCREEN is defined but not COLOURDISPLAY: the display is 176x220 B&W - TI
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133 used this config when building "GSM Lite" fw for the D-Sample;
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134
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135 * Neither LSCREEN nor COLOURDISPLAY defined: the old 84x48 pixel B&W UI from
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136 the days of C-Sample and earlier.
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137
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138 Note the lack of support for small color displays like the one on the C139.
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139
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140 Text fonts
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141 ----------
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142
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143 The SSA group's R2D driver provides text display functions and contains its own
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144 fonts, but Condat's stuff does not use those display functions or fonts -
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145 instead BMI and MFW (and presumably SMI too) use a different font/text
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146 implementation contained in the Condat drivers layer.
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147
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148 Keypad support
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149 ==============
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150
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151 The hardware keypad driver is KPD in Riviera/SSA land, residing in
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152 chipsetsw/drivers/drv_app/kpd in TCS211 or in src/cs/drivers/drv_app/kpd in
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153 Magnetite and Selenite. Unlike the display driver R2D, KPD is always included
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154 even in modem firmware builds - but if there is no keypad connected to the
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155 Calypso, it does nothing. TI's firmware architecture and UI code support only
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156 traditional numeric keypads - there is no provision for supporting a full QWERTY
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157 keyboard. However, if the keypad layout on a given phone handset is close
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158 enough to what TI had on their development boards, modifying KPD for the
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159 specific wiring is very easy: we have already added proper support for Mot C1xx
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160 and Pirelli DP-L10 keypads.
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161
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162 Battery monitoring and charging
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163 ===============================
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164
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165 TI had two incarnations of their battery charging and monitoring driver: first
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166 PWR, then LCC. Both were implemented in Riviera/SSA land. LCC was not a good
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167 fit for our targets of interest (Mot C1xx, Pirelli DP-L10 and our desired
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168 FreeCalypso Libre Dumbphone hardware) while PWR had other problems, so we
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169 retired both of them and wrote our own replacement called FCHG.
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170
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171 There is a quirk, however: there is no connection in the TCS211 code as
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172 delivered by TI between their demo/prototype UI (or rather between Condat's
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173 power driver stub) and either of their battery driver implementations. At the
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174 time of TCS211-2007 the original PWR driver had already been retired and only
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175 LCC was supported, but even that LCC driver had no connection to the UI: one
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176 could remove it from the fw build configuration and the UI code would still
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177 compile and link just fine, which would not be possible if there were any calls
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178 to LCC's API functions. The practical effect of this quirk is that there is no
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179 need to resurrect PWR or LCC in order to run TI's UI code in its pristine
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180 original form - using our own FCHG or no battery management driver at all is
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181 just as fine.
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182
31
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183 FreeCalypso Luna handset UI development platform
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184 ================================================
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185
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186 As of 2020 we have a new hardware platform for running UI-enabled firmware
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187 configurations; this development platform is codenamed FC Luna. Our FC Luna
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188 platform consists of a 176x220 pixel LCD (TFT color) and a 5x5 keypad connected
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189 to a Calypso core; the key feature is that the LCD size (176x220 pix), color
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190 depth (16 bits) and interface to Calypso (16-bit parallel with memory-mapped
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191 registers) are exactly the same as on TI's D-Sample. This FC Luna platform is
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192 supported in FC Magnetite, and it finally allows us to run TI's handset UI code
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193 in its native form. We can run all of the same configurations which existed in
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194 TI's original TCS211 fw on TI's original D-Sample platform:
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195
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196 * The default configuration is 176x220 pixel UI with full color - this is the
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197 config which TI actually supported in TCS211 days.
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198
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199 * Setting UI_CONFIG=bigbw (switching UI code config) and optionally
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200 DSAMPLE_FULL_COLOR=0 (switching R2D driver config) produces TI's 176x220 pixel
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201 black&white configuration. This config is not particularly interesting: any
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202 practical phone LCD of this large size is also going to be color, thus it is
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203 better to use the full color config for this large size instead. For this
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204 reason whatever bugs are specific to this 176x220 pix B&W config (and there
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205 definitely are some) will be ignored, as there is no point in investigating
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206 and fixing them.
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207
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208 * Setting UI_CONFIG=84x48 and DSAMPLE_FULL_COLOR=0 produces the same C-Sample
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209 UI config which we've been running on Mot C139 phones, but without the
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210 ugliness of emulating C-Sample LCD hw at the driver level - instead in this
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211 config the small 84x48 pixel UI code runs on top of TI's D-Sample B&W R2D
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212 driver, with the small UI displayed in the upper left corner of the large
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213 physical Luna LCD.
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214
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215 Running the UI_CONFIG=84x48 DSAMPLE_FULL_COLOR=0 config on Luna has already
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216 helped shed light on one UI issue that was more elusive when running on C139 hw:
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217 the disappearing time display. When running this config on Luna, we can see
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218 that the UI code displays a text line with date and time outside of the 84x48
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219 pixel area, i.e., it is a bug in the !LSCREEN configuration - but when we run
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220 with driver-level C-Sample emulation on C139, this misplaced text line is
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221 invisible.
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222
0
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223 The proper way to get proper support for Mot C139
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224 =================================================
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225
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226 For many years the handset firmware project direction in FreeCalypso had been
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227 blocked by the lack of a D-Sample-like development platform with a 176x220 pixel
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228 LCD. This blockage has finally been lifted in 2020 with the arrival of our Luna
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229 UI development platform, and now the only lacking factor is developer time and
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230 motivation. As of this writing (2020-09) I (Mother Mychaela) am not able to
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231 devote any significant time to handset firmware work because I need to focus on
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232 bringing FC Tango and Caramel2 hardware products to market, but once I get past
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233 this current work, I may be able to refocus on handset fw.
0
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234
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235 When and if I start working again in the handset fw direction, my plan of action
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236 is as follows:
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237
31
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238 1) Fix the most obvious bugs like the misplaced text line in the small UI config
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239 while staying in the Magnetite source tree, but working only in the hybrid UI
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240 code base - the old TCS2 version of BMI+MFW that sits on top of a blobs-only
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241 old version of G23M PS will not be carried forward.
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242
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243 2) Create a new firmware source tree based on Magnetite that keeps only the
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244 hybrid config with old clutter removed, allowing bolder changes going
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245 forward.
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246
31
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247 3) Drop the driver-level C-Sample LCD emulation approach, and instead implement
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248 a 96x64 pixel B&W logical framebuffer config in R2D. Display this logical
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249 96x64 pix B&W framebuffer on both Luna and C139 physical LCDs. In both cases
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250 the physical LCD color capability will remain unutilized, with all display
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251 images being black&white, but so be it.
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252
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253 4) Immediately after the previous step the 84x48 pixel UI will appear in the
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254 upper left corner of the 96x64 pixel B&W display, with the rightmost 12 and
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255 bottommost 16 pixels remaining unused.
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256
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257 5) Drop the 176x220 pixel B&W UI config, leaving only large (176x220 pix) color
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258 and "small B&W". Remove code stanzas specific to the
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259 (LSCREEN && !COLOURDISPLAY) combination, and outside of that eliminated
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260 combination, make all conditionals based on LSCREEN and not COLOURDISPLAY.
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261
31
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262 6) Extend the "small B&W" UI config from 84x48 to 96x64 pixels, i.e., from 6
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263 rows of 14 characters to 8 rows of 16 characters with TI's existing font.
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264
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265 7) With the above gymnastics out of the way, work on whipping the actual phone
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266 UI into shape, supporting two configurations: large color and small B&W,
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267 with Luna hw platform supporting both configs, whereas the small B&W config
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268 will also run on C139 hw.
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269
31
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270 It should be noted that this approach does NOT include any implementation of
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271 color UI for the small LCD size on Mot C139 and similar low-end platforms. As
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272 the plan stands currently, this omission is intentional and is part of effort
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273 minimization: I need to put some limits on the amount of time and effort I
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274 invest into project directions that are specific to low-end phones, i.e.,
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275 project directions that are intrinsically less worthy than my desired
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276 FreeCalypso Libre Dumbphone as in FreeCalypso handset hardware.
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277
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278 Why Mot C139?
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279 =============
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280
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281 Out of the known repertoire of pre-existing Calypso-based phones whose existence
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282 has been discovered by OsmocomBB and for which we already have some foundations
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283 of support in FreeCalypso, Mot C139 is the most suitable one for the purpose of
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284 turning it into a Libre Dumbphone by way of aftermarket firmware. Here are the
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285 problems with the other ones:
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286
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287 * Pirelli DP-L10 is my absolute favourite with an end user hat on, but the
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288 unwanted extra chips for the unwanted-for-us WLAN and camera functionality
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289 are a killer. There are no schematics for the phone and no documentation for
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290 any of these chips, and we don't know how to power them down. In a fully
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291 quiescent state with all Calypso sleep modes enabled and with both LCD and
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292 keypad backlights off, the board still draws about 87 mA from the battery,
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293 which will kill a fully charged battery in about 10 hours of complete idle.
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294 Furthermore, it is not possible to turn on the loudspeaker without going
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295 through the W56940 ringtone chip, and the reset line for this chip comes from
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296 a GPIO on the completely undocumented camera chip - thus without a way to
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297 control this reset line we may not be able to program the W56940, and without
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298 that programming we may not be able to turn on the loudspeaker, ruining all
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299 usefulness of this phone.
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300
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301 * Mot C11x/12x family is good in terms of not having any undocumented hardware,
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302 but the tiny RAM capacity is a bummer. These lowest-end phones have only
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303 256 KiB of IRAM (Calypso internal RAM) and 256 KiB of XRAM (board-level RAM),
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304 whereas the next-step-up C139/140 has 512 KiB of XRAM. It is a significant
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305 difference for us: while we fit into C139's 512 KiB with no sweat, it would
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306 require some very unpleasant and unrewarding work to trim the fat and
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307 reshuffle our memory usage to fit into the 256+256 arrangement on C11x.
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308 Furthermore, most C11x/12x phones have only 2 MiB of flash, which would again
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309 require major contortions to fit into, whereas all C139/140 phones have 4 MiB.
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310
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311 * Mot C155/156 seem nice, but there is a problem: these phones ring with a
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312 loudspeaker driven by a ringtone generator chip instead of a piezo buzzer
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313 driven by the Calypso, and their ringtone generator chip is Sunplus SPMA100B.
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314 No documentation could be found for that chip, and if we can't program it, we
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315 won't be able to make the phone ring or operate its loudspeaker in any other
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316 way. Furthermore, the LCD controller in these phones is much less obvious
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317 than the one in the C139/140.