FreeCalypso > hg > freecalypso-hwlab
annotate doc/FTDI-EEPROM-tools @ 53:6bae8e424a69
eeproms/dumps/FT232R-specimen3: read out of UB232R module
from FTDI/Digi-Key
author | Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org> |
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date | Thu, 09 May 2019 21:28:48 +0000 |
parents | 311c800268b8 |
children | 0514e3520be3 |
rev | line source |
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1 Mother Mychaela has developed a set of Linux command line tools for manipulating |
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2 configuration EEPROMs that are attached to FT2232x devices and accessed in-band |
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3 via USB. This document describes these tools. |
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4 |
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5 Supported FTDI chips and EEPROMs |
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6 ================================ |
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7 |
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8 The present tools work with 93C46, 93C56 and 93C66 EEPROMs attached behind |
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9 FT2232x dual-channel UART/FIFO/MPSSE/etc chips, both FT2232C/D and FT2232H. |
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10 We can read these EEPROMs for examination or backup, and we can program them |
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11 with new bits, either restoring a previously saved backup or creating a new |
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12 from-scratch configuration. These EEPROM configurations (which we can save, |
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13 restore or create from scratch) set the USB VID:PID and the textual strings |
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14 naming the manufacturer, the product model and an optional serial number, |
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15 select whether each FT2232x channel will come up in the default UART mode or |
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16 one of the other EEPROM-configurable modes (245 FIFO, CPU-style FIFO or fast |
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17 opto-isolated serial), and allow a few other obscure chip settings to be |
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18 tweaked. |
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19 |
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20 Some work has also been done toward the goal of being able to program the |
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21 internal EEPROM in FT232R chips (a very popular single-channel USB to UART |
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22 converter needing no external components), but this work has not been finished |
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23 yet, and the present tools should NOT be used to attempt an EEPROM write on |
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24 that chip - the risking of bricking the chip is too high. |
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25 |
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26 More generally, our fteeprom-read tool should be able to read out the EEPROM |
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27 content from just about any FTDI chip including FT232R, whereas our |
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28 fteeprom-prog tool should be able to program a user-supplied set of bits into |
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29 any FTDI+EEPROM combo where the EEPROM is a separate chip - but it is NOT safe |
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30 to use on FTDI chips like FT232R or FT-X that have their EEPROM built in. |
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31 Furthermore, if the goal is to generate a new EEPROM config from scratch, as |
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32 opposed to restoring a saved backup, we currently have generators only for |
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33 FT2232C/D and for FT2232H. (We also have a generator program for FT232R, but |
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34 it is of no use for as long as fteeprom-prog is not safe to use on FT232R |
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35 chips.) |
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36 |
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37 libftdi dependency |
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38 ================== |
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39 |
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40 We use libftdi (which is in turn layered on libusb) to issue the special USB |
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41 control pipe commands to FTDI chips which are needed to read and write their |
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42 EEPROMs. We use old-style libftdi-0.x (-lftdi on the link line) as opposed to |
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43 libftdi1 (-lftdi1) because the new versions took away the ability to write to |
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44 the EEPROM directly with ftdi_write_eeprom_location() calls, forcing users to |
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45 go through libftdi1's own EEPROM smarts, which we don't want to do - our tools |
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46 are all about more direct user empowerment at the lowest level. |
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47 |
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48 Selecting the device to operate on |
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49 ================================== |
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50 |
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51 Our fteeprom-read, fteeprom-prog and fteeprom-erase tools take a device selector |
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52 argument, selecting the device to operate on. This required argument is the |
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53 string to be passed to the ftdi_usb_open_string() function in libftdi, allowing |
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54 the device to be operated on to be selected in one of several ways. Copying |
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55 from libftdi documentation, the available formats are: |
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56 |
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57 d:<devicenode> - path of bus and device-node (e.g. "003/001") within usb device |
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58 tree (usually at /proc/bus/usb/) |
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59 |
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60 i:<vendor>:<product> - first device with given vendor and product id, ids can |
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61 be decimal, octal (preceded by "0") or hex (preceded by "0x") |
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62 |
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63 i:<vendor>:<product>:<index> - as above with index being the number of the |
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64 device (starting with 0) if there are more than one |
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65 |
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66 s:<vendor>:<product>:<serial> - first device with given vendor id, product id |
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67 and serial string |
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68 |
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69 If you have only one FTDI device connected to your PC or laptop at the time of |
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70 your EEPROM manipulation session (generally a good idea to avoid hitting the |
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71 wrong device by mistake) and if that FTDI device has some sensible starting |
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72 USB VID:PID (either from the previous EEPROM config or the chip's sans-EEPROM |
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73 default) that doesn't clash with anything else, then the i: form will probably |
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74 be the most convenient, e.g.: |
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75 |
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76 i:0x0403:0x6001 for single-channel FT232x devices running with the default ID |
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77 i:0x0403:0x6010 for dual-channel FT2232x devices running with the default ID |
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78 i:0x0403:0xPPPP for custom PIDs assigned out of FTDI's VID range |
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79 i:0xVVVV:0xPPPP for totally custom USB IDs |
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80 |
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81 Or if the current device config is totally hosed (the EEPROM has a passing |
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82 checksum, but sets some completely bogus USB ID), then the d: form will |
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83 probably be required for recovery. |
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84 |
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85 Reading the EEPROM |
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86 ================== |
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87 |
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88 The basic EEPROM read command is as follows: |
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89 |
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90 fteeprom-read <device-selector> |
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91 |
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92 See the previous section for the device selector argument. In this default |
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93 form the tool will read the first 64 EEPROM words, which is appropriate for |
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94 93C46 external EEPROMs or for the internal 1024-bit EEPROM in the FT232R chip. |
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95 However, if you are working with an FT2232x board with an external EEPROM and |
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96 that EEPROM is of a larger variety (93C56 or 93C66), this basic form with give |
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97 you an incomplete (truncated) read, and you will need one of the following |
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98 extended forms to read the complete EEPROM: |
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99 |
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100 fteeprom-read -b <device-selector> -- read 128 EEPROM words (93C56) |
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101 fteeprom-read -B <device-selector> -- read 256 EEPROM words (93C66) |
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102 |
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103 (If you use one of the extended forms on a smaller EEPROM, you will get 2 or 4 |
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104 copies of the same bits.) |
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105 |
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106 The output of fteeprom-read is in the same format as the input to fteeprom-prog, |
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107 thus you can redirect the output to a file and get a restorable backup copy of |
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108 your EEPROM. |
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109 |
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110 It also needs to be noted that if the FTDI device has the kernel's ftdi_sio |
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111 driver attached to it (ttyUSB device present) when you run fteeprom-read (same |
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112 for fteeprom-prog and fteeprom-erase), the act of running any of our EEPROM |
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113 tools will cause it to unbind, i.e., the ttyUSB device will disappear. If the |
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114 device being operated on is a dual-channel FT2232x, then only the ttyUSB device |
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115 corresponding to Channel A will disappear, while the Channel B ttyUSB device |
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116 will stay. |
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117 |
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118 Programming the EEPROM |
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119 ====================== |
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120 |
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121 In terms of the primitives provided over USB, writing to EEPROMs sitting behind |
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122 FTDI chips is accomplished by writing one 16-bit word at a time: the |
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123 SIO_WRITE_EEPROM_REQUEST command writes a user-supplied word at a user-supplied |
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124 EEPROM address. However, our fteeprom-prog tool currently supports only writing |
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125 complete EEPROMs (64 or 128 or 256 16-bit words starting at address 0) and we |
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126 do not currently provide any kind of "random access write" utility; the primary |
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127 reason for this design decision is practical usefulness: FTDI's EEPROM structure |
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128 includes a checksum over the first 64 words for 1024-bit EEPROMs or over the |
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129 first 128 words for larger ones, and if this checksum fails to match, the entire |
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130 structure is deemed to be invalid - hence there is no practical use case for |
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131 selectively rewriting individual words. The only exception may be with 93C66 |
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132 EEPROMs: on these giants only the first half would be subject to the checksum, |
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133 and the second half could be used arbitrarily. However, we have not yet |
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134 encountered any boards out in the wild with such big EEPROMs, and we have no |
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135 plans to use such in any of our own hardware designs either, hence there is no |
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136 business case at the present moment to develop tooling support for them. |
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137 |
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138 There are two primary modes of usage for our fteeprom-prog tool: restoring a |
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139 saved EEPROM backup or writing a new EEPROM config which you generate yourself. |
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140 To restore a saved EEPROM backup, run the tool as follows: |
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141 |
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142 fteeprom-prog <device-selector> <eeprom-image-file> |
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143 |
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144 To program a new EEPROM config of your own, run a pipeline of this form: |
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145 |
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146 <generator-tool> | fteeprom-prog <device-selector> |
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147 |
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148 fteeprom-prog reads the EEPROM image from stdin if no image file is named on |
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149 the command line; the image format is the same in both cases, and the length of |
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150 this EEPROM image tells the tool how many words need to be programmed - there |
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151 are no -b or -B options to fteeprom-prog. |
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152 |
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153 Generator tools |
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154 =============== |
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155 |
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156 Unfortunately FTDI never documented the format of their EEPROM configuration |
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157 structure - apparently they consider it a proprietary trade secret just like |
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158 the wire protocol spoken over USB between their chips and their closed-source |
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159 proprietary drivers. All FOSS community support for these chips is based on |
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160 reverse engineering, and that includes the EEPROM format. |
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161 |
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162 The present suite of tools includes ftee-gen2232c and ftee-gen2232h EEPROM image |
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163 generators, meant for use with FT2232C/D and FT2232H chips, respectively. These |
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164 tools are based on the knowledge extracted from other (pre-existing) community |
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165 tools, primarily the EEPROM config code built into various libftdi versions - |
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166 we haven't done any FTDI RE of our own, instead the goal of this project has |
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167 been to create a set of tools that are better fit for production use. |
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168 |
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169 Our ftee-gen2232c and ftee-gen2232h tools are invoked as follows: |
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170 |
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171 ftee-gen2232[ch] [-b|-B] <config-file> [serial-num] |
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172 |
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173 The output of these generator tools is meant to be piped directly into |
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174 fteeprom-prog. |
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175 |
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176 The philosophy of which settings are given in the config file vs. which ones |
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177 are given on the command line reflects configuration management and factory |
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178 production line operations. In the envisioned usage there would be a config |
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179 file for each product, giving the USB VID:PID, textual manufacturer and product |
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180 ID strings and possibly other config settings which need to be changed from the |
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181 defaults, but the optional serial number string is given on the command line |
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182 because it would be different for each individual unit being programmed. |
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183 |
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184 The EEPROM size selection is also made on the command line, so that the same |
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185 config can be programmed into a smaller EEPROM or a bigger one. By default our |
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186 tools generate an image suitable for a 93C46 EEPROM: the generated image is 64 |
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187 words long, with a checksum in word 63, and the EEPROM type byte in FTDI's |
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188 structure is set to 0x46. Running with -b produces an image for a 93C56 EEPROM: |
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189 the EEPROM type byte is set to 0x56, and the checksum-covered image length is |
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190 extended to 128 words. Finally, -B sets things up for a 93C66 EEPROM: the |
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191 EEPROM type byte is set to 0x66, but the generated checksum-covered image is |
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192 still 128 words long just like with -b, as that is what FT2232x chips apparently |
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193 expect. I said "apparently" because I don't have any FT2232x hardware with |
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194 93C66 EEPROMs and I don't plan on acquiring or building any, hence this minimal |
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195 93C66 support is completely untested - use at your own risk. |
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196 |
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197 It also needs to be noted that with our current RE-based understanding of FTDI's |
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198 undocumented EEPROM structure, using a bigger EEPROM does NOT provide more room |
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199 for strings: all that happens with -b and -B options is that a gap of 64 unused |
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200 EEPROM words is inserted between the end of the fixed structure and the |
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201 beginning of strings. The exact same arrangement has been observed in all 93C56 |
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202 EEPROM images found in the wild, presumably produced with FTDI's official tools, |
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203 including FTDI's own USB-COM232-PLUS2 board - thus it is not clear at all if |
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204 FT2232x chips actually support longer strings with bigger EEPROMs, and if not, |
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205 what does one need a bigger EEPROM for... |
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206 |
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207 For the format of config files read by our ftee-gen2232[ch] tools and what |
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208 settings can be tweaked, read the source code. |
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209 |
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210 Erasing the EEPROM (making it blank) |
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211 ==================================== |
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212 |
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213 If you are playing with a "generic" FT2232x breakout board that is made for |
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214 tinkering, as opposed to a more finished product, such boards are typically |
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215 shipped with their EEPROMs completely blank. In that case restoring the EEPROM |
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216 to its "pristine" state after playing around would mean erasing it, i.e., |
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217 bringing it into a blank (all ones) state. FT2232x chips provide two ways to |
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218 do so: one can explicitly write 0xFFFF into each individual EEPROM word with |
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219 SIO_WRITE_EEPROM_REQUEST, or one can send a SIO_ERASE_EEPROM_REQUEST command to |
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220 the chip, and the chip then erases the entire EEPROM. But we don't know how |
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221 the latter SIO_ERASE_EEPROM_REQUEST operation is implemented by FT2232x chips: |
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222 does the FT2232x chip go through and erase each word individually, or does it |
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223 issue an "erase full chip" opcode to the serial EEPROM? If the latter, then |
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224 according to some EEPROM datasheets that operation may not work if the EEPROM |
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225 is powered from a 3.3V rail rather than the full USB 5V - may be an issue in |
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226 FT2232H-based designs. |
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227 |
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228 In any case our tools provide both ways. To perform the "automatic full chip |
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229 erase" operation, run the following command: |
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230 |
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231 fteeprom-erase <device-selector> |
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232 |
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233 To blank the EEPROM by writing 0xFFFF into each word, run one of the following |
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234 pipelines: |
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235 |
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236 ftee-mkblank | fteeprom-prog <device-selector> -- blank a 93C46 EEPROM |
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237 ftee-mkblank -b | fteeprom-prog <device-selector> -- blank a 93C56 EEPROM |
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238 ftee-mkblank -B | fteeprom-prog <device-selector> -- blank a 93C66 EEPROM |