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doc/RVTMUX: TMFFS protocol versions documented
author Michael Spacefalcon <msokolov@ivan.Harhan.ORG>
date Fri, 07 Feb 2014 07:29:36 +0000
parents d1388095ab27
children d6dfad22cccd
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1 TI's Calypso GSM/GPRS baseband processor chip has not one but two UART serial
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2 ports, called "MODEM" and "IrDA" in the hardware documentation. In hardware
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3 terms, both support basic data-leads-only UART operation at a fixed baud rate,
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4 but their extended capabilities differ: the IrDA UART adds IrDA capability (no
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5 surprise), whereas the MODEM UART adds hardware flow control and autobaud. If
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6 one is not implementing an actual IrDA interface, then the so-called "IrDA"
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7 UART becomes a strict subset of the MODEM one in terms of hw capabilities -
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8 just an extra UART, but a somewhat less capable one.
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9
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10 In a classic modem design such as that present in the GTA0x smartphones made by
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11 FIC/Openmoko, the Calypso presents a standard AT command interface on its MODEM
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12 UART port. (In the case of GTA0x phones this serial channel is wired to the
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13 phone's application processor; in a standalone modem it would be wired to a
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14 USB-serial chip or even to a classic RS-232 DB25 port.) However, what is less
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15 known is that the standard firmware for such modems simultaneously presents an
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16 entirely different interface on the IrDA UART - an interface intended for
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17 development, debugging and factory production testing (which includes RF
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18 calibration and IMEI etc programming), rather than for "normal" end users.
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19
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20 Normally this debug/development serial interface (called RVTMUX as will be
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21 explained momentarily) is hidden from "ordinary" users - for example, on FIC
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22 GTA0x phones it is wired to the analog headset jack through a hardware switch
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23 which needs to be enabled through a GPIO signal from the AP. But there also
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24 exist some oddball devices on which the RVTMUX interface is presented "in your
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25 face". The Pirelli DP-L10 phone has a USB charging port which is also wired
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26 (through a CP2102 USB-serial chip) to the IrDA UART on the Calypso - that's
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27 right, IrDA, not MODEM - a design decision with which this hacker strongly
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28 disagrees. (It'll definitely be wired to the MODEM UART instead on our own
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29 semi-clone of this phone, but I digress.) Apparently Foxconn (the designers
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30 of this phone) had no desire to provide a standard AT command interface, and
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31 instead the only "official" way to use the "data" function of their USB port
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32 (rather than the charging function) is for their "PC sync" feature, i.e., their
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33 proprietary Weendoze software. And guess what, their proprietary "PC sync"
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34 feature works over TI's RVTMUX interface, as that is what's presented on
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35 Calypso's IrDA UART behind the CP2102!
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36
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37 OK, so what is this RVTMUX? RV stands for RiViera, an application framework
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38 which TI added to their GSM firmware suite in the early 2000s, T stands for
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39 trace, and MUX stands for multiplexor. It's a binary packet interface, although
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40 many of these packets contain ASCII debug messages inside. The framing format
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41 is the same in both directions: each packet begins and ends with an STX (0x02)
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42 byte, all payload bytes except 0x02 and 0x10 are sent literally, and there is a
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43 DLE (0x10) byte prepended before any 0x02 or 0x10 in the payload. It's the same
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44 general principle as asynchronous HDLC (RFC 1662): packets can contain any
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45 binary data, and the framing provides packet boundaries - although TI's version
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46 is a little less robust than async-HDLC when it comes to recovering after lost
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47 synchronization.
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48
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49 The firmware suite component responsible for actually sending and receiving
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50 these packets over the assigned UART port (usually IrDA, but can be MODEM too)
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51 is called RVT (RiViera Trace), and it implements a MUX function. There are
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52 several logical channels multiplexed over one physical serial port, and the
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53 first byte of every packet indicates which logical channel it belongs to. Any
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54 component within the GSM firmware suite can send packets to RVT for transmission
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55 on this serial interface, and can also register to receive packets beginning
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56 with a particular type ID byte.
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57
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58 Use in FreeCalypso
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59 ==================
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60
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61 The FreeCalypso project has adopted the same general firmware architecture as
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62 that exhibited by TI's standard firmwares from the Moko/Pirelli time frame. We
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63 use TI's RiViera framework lifted directly out of the TCS211 reference fw, and
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64 that includes the RVT module and the RVTMUX interface it presents. At the
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65 present time (early development stage, none of the actual GSM functionality has
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66 been integrated yet) this RVTMUX interface is put to the following uses in our
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67 own gsm-fw:
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68
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69 * Debug trace output from various components sent via the rvf_send_trace()
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70 function - it is the RiViera Trace output in the proper sense;
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71
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72 * The ETM module and the associated FFS access protocol described below.
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73
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74 In the existing proprietary firmwares which serve as our reference, the RVTMUX
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75 serial channel is continuously spewing very voluminous debug output. This debug
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76 output exhibits 3 different packet types: RV traces described above, and also
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77 L1 and G23 traces, each in its own format. We expect that our own gsm-fw will
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78 become just like these reference versions in this regard, once we integrate
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79 those code layers.
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80
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81 ETM and FFS access
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82 ==================
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83
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84 Another component which we have lifted out of the TCS211 reference fw is ETM,
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85 which stands for Enhanced Test Mode. This module registers its own "top level"
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86 protocol over RVTMUX, and provides a registration service of its own, such that
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87 various components in the fw suite can register to receive external command
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88 packets passing first through RVT, then through ETM, and can send responses
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89 passing through ETM, then through RVT back to the external host.
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90
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91 The ETM_CORE module contained within ETM itself provides some low-level debug
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92 commands: by sending the right binary command packets to the GSM device via the
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93 RVTMUX serial channel, an external host can examine or modify any memory
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94 location and any hardware register, cause the device to reset, etc.
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95
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96 The only other ETM-based functionality currently integrated in our gsm-fw
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97 besides ETM_CORE is TMFFS (Test Mode for FFS), which is the external access
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98 channel to the device file system - see TIFFS-Overview. The TMFFS1 and TMFFS2
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99 protocols provide a command/response packet interface to the FFS API functions
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100 inside the fw, and enable an external host connected to the GSM device via the
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101 RVTMUX channel to perform arbitrary read and write operations on the device
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102 file system.
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103
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104 TMFFS protocol versions
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105 =======================
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106
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107 TI made two different and entirely incompatible versions of the TMFFS protocol
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108 for accessing a device's FFS via RVT/ETM: TIFFS1 and TIFFS2. The fw sources
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109 available to us contain implementations of both versions, so we have the freedom
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110 to use whichever we like better for FreeCalypso. After studying the fw source
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111 implementing the two TMFFS protocols, I (Space Falcon) came to the conclusion
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112 that TMFFS2 is both more capable and more reliable; my guess is that TMFFS1 was
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113 likely kept around only because some of TI's crappy Weendoze host software
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114 depended on it. (See gsm-fw/services/ffs/tmffs.c if you would like to judge
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115 for yourself.) Thus TMFFS2 is currently the "officially adopted" version for
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116 FreeCalypso.
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117
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118 Our fc-tmsh utility (described below) allows a developer-operator to send TMFFS
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119 "get version" queries to a running GSM fw in both ETM_FFS1 and ETM_FFS2 formats;
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120 this capability allows us to determine experimentally which protocol (if any) is
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121 implemented by a given proprietary firmware version. Experiments reveal that
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122 Openmoko's moko11 firmware implements TMFFS1, whereas Pirelli's fw implements
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123 TMFFS2.
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124
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125 The leo2moko-r1 firmware produced by the FreeCalypso project in 2013-10
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126 implements TMFFS1, simply because that was the selected configuration in the
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127 found Leonardo source that transitional fw is based on, and that release was
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128 made before I learned RVTMUX, FFS, ETM and TMFFS properly. All future
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129 FreeCalypso firmwares will use TIFFS2, or at least that's the current plan.
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130
270
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131 Host utility support
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132 ====================
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133
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134 As one would naturally expect, the FreeCalypso project has developed some host
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135 tools that allow a PC running GNU/Linux (or other Unix systems) to interface to
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136 running firmwares on GSM devices via RVTMUX. The following tools are currently
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137 available:
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138
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139 rvtdump Opens the serial port, decodes TI's binary packet protocol, and
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140 simply dumps every received/decoded packet on stdout in a human-
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141 readable form. No provision for sending anything to the target.
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142 Intended use: observing the debug trace output which all TI
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143 firmwares emit as standard "background noise". This utility
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144 allows one to observe/log/study the "noise" that appears on
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145 Pirelli's USB-serial port (running Pirelli's original fw),
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146 as well as that emitted on the IrDA (headset jack) port on the
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147 GTA02 by mokoN/leo2moko firmwares.
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148
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149 rvinterf Provides a bidirectional interface to RVTMUX on the host side.
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150 It dumps and/or logs the "background noise" emitted by the
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151 target just like rvtdump, but also creates a local UNIX domain
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152 socket on the host machine to which other programs can connect,
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153 replicating the MUXing function on the host side.
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154
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155 fc-tmsh Interactive asynchronous test mode shell. This program connects
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156 to a target GSM device through rvinterf and allows a developer-
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157 operator to send various ETM commands to the target. ETM
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158 responses are decoded (sometimes only lightly) and displayed.
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159 fc-tmsh is fully asynchronous in that it continuously listens
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160 (via select(2)) for both user input and for packets from the
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161 target at the same time, translating any user-entered commands
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162 into packets to the target and conversely, scribbling on the
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163 terminal when a packet arrives from the target. It has no
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164 knowledge of any correspondence between commands and responses
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165 they normally elicit.