FreeCalypso > hg > freecalypso-tools
annotate doc/Compal-unlock @ 465:003e48f8ebe1
rvinterf/etmsync/fsnew.c: cast 0 to (char *) for execl sentinel
I generally don't use NULL and use plain 0 instead, based on a "NULL
considered harmful" discussion on the classiccmp mailing list many aeons
ago (I couldn't find it, and I reason that it must have been 2005 or
earlier), but a recent complaint by a packager sent me searching, and I
found this:
https://ewontfix.com/11/
While I don't give a @#$% about "modern" systems and code-nazi tools,
I realized that passing a plain 0 as a pointer sentinel in execl is wrong
because it will break on systems where pointers are longer than the plain
int type. Again, I don't give a @#$% about the abomination of x86_64 and
the like, but if anyone ever manages to port my code to something like a
PDP-11 (16-bit int, 32-bit long and pointers), then passing a plain 0
as a function argument where a pointer is expected most definitely won't
work: if the most natural stack slot and SP alignment unit is 16 bits,
fitting an int, with longs and pointers taking up two such slots, then
the call stack will be totally wrong with a plain 0 passed for a pointer.
Casting the 0 to (char *) ought to be the most kosher solution for the
most retro systems possible.
author | Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org> |
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date | Mon, 11 Feb 2019 00:00:19 +0000 |
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1 Using FreeCalypso tools to unlock Motorola C1xx phones |
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2 ====================================================== |
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3 |
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4 The ultimate goal of the FreeCalypso project is to produce our own complete GSM |
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5 dumbphone firmware which We the People fully own, control and compile from |
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6 source ourselves, running at first on some selected pre-existing hardware |
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7 targets, and then ultimately on our own Free Dumb Phone hardware. While that |
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8 goal is still far past the visible horizon, what can we do in the meantime to |
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9 make our current forced use of existing proprietary dumbphone firmwares a |
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10 little more tolerable? This article presents one such hack: using FreeCalypso |
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11 loadtools to dump the flash content of Compal phones for analysis, including |
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12 TIFFS, and to replace one existing proprietary fw version with another, e.g., |
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13 to remove carrier branding and the associated SIM restriction. |
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14 |
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15 Serial access |
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16 |
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17 Mot C1xx (Compal) phones have a 2.5 mm headset jack that dual-functions as a |
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18 debug/programming serial port. In hardware terms, there is an electrically |
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19 controlled switch (MUX) inside that switches the external jack between the |
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20 analog headset signals and the digital serial ones; this switch is controlled |
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21 by a GPIO signal from the Calypso. The hardware power-up state of this switch |
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22 is serial; Mot/Compal's standard fw switches it to headset upon boot, but the |
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23 serial setting persists long enough to use it to break into the bootloader. |
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24 |
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25 Bootloader |
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26 |
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27 The Calypso DBB (digital baseband) chip used in these phones has an on-chip |
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28 boot ROM, but it also has a hardware pin that enables or disables this boot |
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29 ROM, and unfortunately these phones have it disabled. If the boot ROM were |
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30 enabled in hardware, it would provide an unstoppable and unbrickable way to |
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31 take control of the device through the externally-accessible serial port like |
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32 we have on Openmoko and Pirelli phones, but unfortunately the hardware we have |
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33 available is not wired that way. |
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34 |
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35 However, Mot/Compal's standard firmware on these phones includes a bootloader, |
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36 a part that executes before any of the rest of the fw image is allowed to |
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37 execute or is made use of in any way, and this Compal-specific bootloader has a |
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38 provision for interrupting the boot process and diverting it to an externally- |
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39 supplied piece of code loaded over the serial line. Older fw versions have |
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40 this feature enabled unconditionally, but some of the newer versions have a |
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41 malfeature whereby the serial boot interrupt and code download possibility may |
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42 be disabled. Some C1xx phones out in the wild, particularly all North American |
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43 C139s with TracFone branding and some of the Cingular-branded ones as well, |
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44 have such maliciously-locked firmware in them. |
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45 |
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46 Fortunately though, these maliciously-locked firmwares (or at least all versions |
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47 we've encountered so far) have been found to have another hole through which we |
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48 can break in, as described in the TFC139-breakin article. We can exploit this |
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49 hole in the firmware to gain code execution access to the Calypso, and then use |
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50 the latter to reprogram the flash, replacing the ultra-malicious firmware with |
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51 some other version that, although still proprietary, is a little less evil. |
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52 |
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53 Making first contact |
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54 ==================== |
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55 |
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56 If you have a C1xx phone which you are seeking to free, your first step should |
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57 be to try breaking in with fc-loadtool, using the Compal bootloader method. |
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58 With the phone powered off, but containing a charged battery (SIM present or |
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59 absent, doesn't matter), proceed as follows: |
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60 |
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61 1. Connect the serial or USB-serial cable between your PC or other host and the |
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62 target phone's headset jack. |
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63 |
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64 2. On the host end, run fc-loadtool like this: |
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65 |
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66 C11x/123: fc-loadtool -h compal /dev/ttyXXX |
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67 C139/140: fc-loadtool -h compal -c 1004 /dev/ttyXXX |
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68 C155/156: fc-loadtool -h c155 /dev/ttyXXX |
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69 |
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70 3. Press the power button on the phone. A momentary press is sufficient and |
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71 recommended: the hardware powers up and causes the boot code to run exactly |
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72 the same whether the power button is pressed momentarily or held down. |
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73 |
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74 Normal phone power-up requires the button to be held down because the |
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75 standard firmware does a check fairly late in the boot process to see if the |
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76 power button is still held down, and commands the hardware (the ABB) to |
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77 power off if it is not - it is a standard feature to prevent phones from |
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78 turning themselves on inadvertently from accidental momentary presses of |
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79 that button. But if the goal is to cause the boot code to run, but not to |
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80 boot the regular fw all the way, a momentary press is ideal. |
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81 |
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82 If your phone has a bootloader without the malicious lock in it, the above |
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83 procedure should result in fc-loadtool gaining full access to the target and |
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84 landing you at a loadtool> prompt. You can dump the flash content and analyse |
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85 it, etc. If you would like to change to a different fw version (to remove the |
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86 SIM lock / carrier branding or for any other reason), see the corresponding |
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87 later section of this article. |
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88 |
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89 Alternative method |
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90 ================== |
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91 |
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92 If the above procedure fails to gain access to the Calypso because the boot |
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93 code in the phone never offers a serial download opportunity, the alternate |
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94 break-in method should be tried, going through the full running firmware |
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95 instead of just the bootloader part thereof. Proceed as follows: |
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96 |
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97 1. Remove the SIM (if there was one to begin with) and put the charged battery |
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98 back in. Charge the battery if necessary, using the standard charging |
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99 function of the existing fw. |
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100 |
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101 2. Power the phone up for normal boot: hold the power button down like a |
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102 regular user would, without fc-loadtool or other serial break-in tools. |
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103 The fw will boot up, notice the lack of a SIM, and the display will read |
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104 "SIM card absent" or something to that effect, depending on the fw version. |
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105 |
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106 3. Key in this magic sequence: **16379#. A hidden "Trace Switch" menu should |
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107 appear, with the choices being "Trace On" and "Earphone". Select "Trace On". |
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108 The electrically controlled hardware switch mentioned earlier in this article |
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109 should now be set back to the UART, bringing the latter out to the headset |
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110 jack. Because Mot/Compal's firmware is based on TI's reference architecture, |
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111 the interface presented by the running fw on this serial port is TI's RVTMUX, |
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112 albeit at 57600 baud instead of TI's default of 115200. |
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113 |
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114 4. Connect the headset jack serial cable if it wasn't already connected, and |
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115 run this FreeCalypso utility: |
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116 |
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117 tfc139 /dev/ttyXXX |
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118 |
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119 (The name tfc139 is historical; the current version is expected to work with |
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120 all Mot C1xx firmwares.) |
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121 |
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122 Compal's TI-based firmware implements some of TI's Test Mode commands, and one |
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123 of these commands is a raw memory write. It also implements some of TI's GPF |
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124 "system primitive" commands, including the MEMCHECK command that causes the |
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125 firmware to report some info on all running GPF tasks, including the location |
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126 of each task's stack. Our tfc139 utility will try to break into the phone |
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127 (gain code execution access) by querying the target fw for the location of the |
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128 L1A task's stack, and then using Test Mode memory write commands to write a |
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129 piece of shellcode into an unused RAM location and to make this code execute by |
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130 overwriting a function return address on the stack of the L1A task that |
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131 processes these Test Mode commands. |
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132 |
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133 If the stack smashing hack succeeds, the shellcode injected by tfc139 will send |
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134 a message out the serial port indicating this success, and then re-enable the |
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135 Calypso boot ROM and jump to it. Once the boot ROM code gains control, it will |
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136 wait forever for a serial code download following its standard protocol. If |
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137 tfc139 gets the success indication from the target, it will announce this |
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138 success and direct you to run: |
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139 |
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140 fc-loadtool -h compal -c none /dev/ttyXXX |
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141 |
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142 Do as it says. The -c none option tells fc-loadtool to skip compalstage and |
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143 proceed directly to feeding loadagent to the Calypso boot ROM. You should now |
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144 be in full control of the phone via fc-loadtool. |
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145 |
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146 There is one additional quirk worth mentioning. It appears that Mot/Compal's |
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147 main fw keeps resetting the RTC alarm registers in the Calypso DBB as it runs, |
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148 always keeping the alarm time in the near future relative to the current time. |
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149 When one breaks into this firmware with tfc139 and takes over the control of |
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150 the device with fc-loadtool, this alarm time will almost certainly be reached, |
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151 and the RTC alarm will go off. This alarm has no effect on loadtool operation |
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152 (i.e., it cannot reset the CPU or otherwise wrestle control away from loadtool, |
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153 so it doesn't add any bricking risk), but it has one quite surprising effect |
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154 upon exit, i.e., when you are done with your loadtool session and give it the |
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155 exit command. |
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156 |
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157 Loadtool's configured default exit action for this target is to send a power-off |
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158 command to the Iota ABB, leaving the device cleanly powered off. However, if |
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159 the RTC alarm has gone off previously during the session, the ABB will instantly |
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160 power the phone back on, and put it through a new boot cycle. The firmware |
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161 handles this special form of boot rather oddly: it proceeds to the same end |
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162 state it would have reached via a normal power button hold-down boot (powered |
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163 on with the "Insert SIM" message on the LCD), but it reaches this state almost |
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164 instantly, without going through the power-on LCD logo and buzz phase. Odd, |
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165 but harmless. This explanation has been included to save other hackers the |
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166 hours of bewildered head-scratching I spent chasing this quirk down. |
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167 |
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168 Dumping and reloading flash |
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169 =========================== |
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170 |
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171 Once you break in with fc-loadtool (either through the bootloader or through |
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172 tfc139), the first step you should do is make a dump (backup) of the flash: |
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173 |
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174 loadtool> flash dump2bin flashdump.bin |
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175 |
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176 Before you do any flash write (erase or program) operations, please realise |
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177 that these phones are brickable. Because the Calypso boot ROM is disabled at |
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178 the board level (Calypso DBB's nIBOOT configuration input is tied high directly |
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179 underneath the BGA package!), when the phone powers up, the ARM7 core starts |
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180 executing instructions directly out of the flash, from address 0. Therefore, |
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181 flash sector 0 must contain good working boot code (one that allows serial code |
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182 download access for recovery) at all times. If you erase this sector or fill |
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183 it with some garbage (anything other than good working boot code) and then power |
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184 the phone off or otherwise lose control of it, the phone will be unrecoverably |
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185 bricked! |
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186 |
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187 On most C1xx models there seems to be no way to access the Calypso's JTAG |
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188 signals, hence no possibility of using JTAG to unbrick a bricked phone. And |
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189 because the flash chip is a micro-BGA, it is quite unlikely that one could |
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190 successfully desolder it, program it in a standalone flash chip programmer, |
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191 and then put it back on the board. Thus if you brick your C1xx phone, then |
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192 most likely it is truly toast. You've been warned! |
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193 |
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194 That being said, if your phone came with a maliciously locked bootloader, such |
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195 that you had to use tfc139 to break in, then replacing that bootloader with a |
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196 non-malware version is pretty much a necessity, and taking the chance of |
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197 bricking the phone becomes a necessary risk. Even if the bootloader version in |
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198 your C1xx is free of the locking malfeature, if you need to reflash the main fw |
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199 to a different version, one still needs to erase and reprogram the dangerous |
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200 sector: on C11x/123 and C139/140 the main fw image starts at 0x2000, but the |
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201 erase block boundary doesn't come until 0x10000. |
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202 |
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203 The good news, however, is that fc-loadtool has special support for rewriting |
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204 the boot sector on Compal phones with minimal risk of bricking. The command is: |
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205 |
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206 flash erase-program-boot binfile [length] |
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207 |
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208 The first argument is the name of the file (in straight binary format) |
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209 containing the new boot code; the second argument (always interpreted as hex) |
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210 is the number of bytes to program, always starting at 0. If only one argument |
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211 is given, the length of the file is used instead, which must not exceed the |
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212 length of flash sector 0: 64 KiB on C11x/123 and C139/140, or 8 KiB on C155/156. |
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213 |
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214 This special command minimizes the bricking vulnerability window by loading the |
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215 entirety of the new boot code to be programmed into a scratchpad RAM buffer on |
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216 the target first (no problem because it's 64 KiB max), then commanding loadagent |
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217 (the code that actually runs on the Calypso when you use fc-loadtool) to perform |
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218 the "atomic" operation of erasing flash sector 0, then immediately reprogramming |
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219 it with the bits that are already in scratchpad RAM on the phone. |
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220 |
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221 With this approach the phone will only be bricked if the battery dies or is |
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222 physically yanked out of the phone in the time window between the beginning of |
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223 the erase operation and the last critical bit of the new boot code being |
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224 programmed - on the order of a second or two, or if the flash operations fail |
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225 for some reason. However, the phone will *not* be bricked with this approach |
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226 if the serial connection between fc-loadtool or the target gets broken during |
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227 the window in question, or if the host machine running fc-loadtool crashes: no |
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228 flash operations start until loadtool gives the go-ahead command to loadagent, |
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229 and once loadagent receives the latter command, it will proceed till completion |
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230 without caring if loadtool is still there or not. |
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231 |
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232 Of course the conventional flash erase and flash program-bin commands will be |
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233 happy to operate on flash sector 0 just like any other sector, but doing so is |
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234 NOT recommended, as the window of vulnerability for bricking would then be |
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235 considerably greater. |
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236 |
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237 Unlocked firmware for C139 |
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238 ========================== |
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239 |
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240 If your phone is a North American (1900+850 MHz) C139, and you are reading this |
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241 article because it came with Cingular or TracFone branding, whereas you would |
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242 like to use it with SIMs and networks of your own choosing instead, you've come |
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243 to the right place. We have an unlocked and non-carrier-branded (Mot branding |
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244 only) version of the fw that runs on these phones, and you can use FreeCalypso |
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245 loadtools to flash this version into your C139 whether it came with Cingular or |
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246 TF branding originally. Download this file: |
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247 |
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248 ftp.freecalypso.org:/pub/GSM/Compal/c139-unlocked-fw.zip |
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249 |
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250 Unzip it, and you'll get c139-unlocked-fw.bin - that is the image you'll need |
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251 to flash into your phone. Get in with fc-loadtool (using tfc139 if necessary |
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252 for bootloader-locked phones) and make a backup of the original flash content. |
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253 Then reflash the firmware as follows: |
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254 |
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255 flash erase-program-boot c139-unlocked-fw.bin 2000 |
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256 flash erase 10000 360000 |
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257 flash program-bin 2000 c139-unlocked-fw.bin 2000 |
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258 |
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259 The 3 commands given above will reflash the phone as follows: |
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260 |
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261 * The first 0x2000 bytes of the firmware image in c139-unlocked-fw.bin comprise |
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262 the boot code. This fw version features the "good" boot code *without* the |
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263 access locking malfeature. The erase-program-boot command will erase flash |
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parents:
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264 sector 0 (the entire 64 KiB sector, as the physics of the flash chip dictates) |
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265 and then immediately reprogram its first 8 KiB with the "good" boot code from |
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266 the unlocked fw image file. The remaining 56 KiB of this sector will be blank |
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267 after this step. |
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268 |
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269 * The following "regular" flash erase command is to erase the following 54 |
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parents:
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270 sectors (also of 64 KiB each) in preparation for programming the main fw |
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271 image in there. |
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272 |
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273 * The last command programs the bulk of the fw image into blank flash that has |
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274 been erased by the first two commands. |
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275 |
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276 I also recommend erasing the old FFS that was maintained by the old fw version, |
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277 so that the new fw will automatically format a "virgin" FFS the first time it |
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278 boots: |
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279 |
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280 flash erase 370000 50000 |
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281 |
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282 After this procedure the phone should retain its original IMEI and factory RF |
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283 calibration values, as these are stored in the 8 KiB sector at 0x3FC000 which |
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284 is not touched per the above procedure - not in the FFS. |
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285 |
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286 The same procedure should be followed for flashing all firmwares for C11x/123 |
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287 and C139/140 phones. In the case of C11x/123, adjust the length for the "main" |
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288 erase and program operations appropriately for the flash configuration in your |
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289 phone. |
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290 |
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291 Flashing newer firmware versions |
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292 ================================ |
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293 |
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294 The flashing procedure given above, where the first 0x2000 bytes of the new fw |
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295 image (the bootloader part) are written with the flash erase-program-boot |
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
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296 command and the regular flash program-bin command writes everything from 0x2000 |
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297 onward, is only correct for older firmware versions whose bootloader portion is |
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298 completely free from the access locking malfeature: not only unlocked, but with |
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299 no provision for locking at all. In these older fw versions the boot code is |
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parents:
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300 fully contained in the first 0x2000 bytes and nothing from 0x2000 onward affects |
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301 the ability to perform a new serial boot, hence the bricking vulnerability |
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302 window ends at 0x2000. However, this flashing procedure should NOT be used for |
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parents:
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303 newer fw versions that have the provision for locking the bootloader - it's the |
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304 provision that matters in this case, even if the lock hasn't been activated - |
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305 if you flash one of these newer fw versions as above, you will risk bricking |
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parents:
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306 your phone! |
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parents:
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307 |
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308 If you need to flash one of the newer fw versions that includes the bootloader |
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309 lock provision, you need to take some additional precautionary steps: |
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parents:
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310 |
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311 1. Examine the fw image you wish to flash with a hex dump viewer. Look starting |
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312 at offset 0x2000. You should see 3 identifying ASCII strings: one right at |
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313 0x2000, another at 0x2020 and one more at 0x2040. Then look at 4 bytes at |
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314 offset 0x2060. If they contain 0xFFFFFFFF (blank flash) like the surrounding |
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parents:
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315 unused bytes, then you have an older fw version without the bootloader lock |
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parents:
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316 provision - you can safely flash it as in the previous section. If it's a |
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parents:
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317 newer fw version with the bootloader lock provision, the word at 0x2060 will |
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parents:
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318 contain either 0x00000000 or 0xDDDDDDDD, corresponding to the activated |
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parents:
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319 (access disabled) and non-activated (access enabled) states of the lock, |
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parents:
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320 respectively. |
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parents:
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321 |
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322 2. If the fw image you wish to flash has 0x00000000 at 0x2060, you must patch |
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parents:
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323 it to 0xDDDDDDDD with a hex editor before flashing. Just because our tfc139 |
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parents:
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324 utility can recover phones with maliciously locked bootloaders does NOT mean |
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parents:
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325 that you should *ever* deliberately flash such a bootloader-locked fw image |
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parents:
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326 into your phone! Recovery of locked phones via tfc139 depends on the |
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parents:
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327 complete fw image being present and working, not just the bootloader part, |
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parents:
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328 hence if you were to flash an image that has a lockable bootloader with the |
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parents:
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329 lock activated, the bricking vulnerability window will extend until the |
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parents:
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330 *entire* fw image has been programmed - far too dangerous. |
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parents:
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|
331 |
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parents:
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332 3. When flashing the image with fc-loadtool, use a slightly different command |
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parents:
diff
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|
333 sequence compared to the previous section: |
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parents:
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|
334 |
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parents:
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335 flash erase-program-boot new-fw-image.bin 10000 |
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parents:
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336 flash erase 10000 360000 |
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parents:
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337 flash program-bin 10000 new-fw-image.bin 10000 360000 |
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parents:
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338 |
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339 The difference is that the boundary between the part handled with flash |
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parents:
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340 erase-program-boot and the part handled with flash program-bin has been moved |
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parents:
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341 from 0x2000 to 0x10000. Because the word at 0x2060 is part of the bricking |
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parents:
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342 vulnerability window with these newer fw versions, one should rewrite the |
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parents:
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343 entire boot sector of the flash (including the beginning of the main fw image) |
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parents:
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344 with flash erase-program-boot for safety. |
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parents:
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345 |
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346 Unlocking while keeping the same fw version |
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parents:
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347 =========================================== |
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348 |
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349 Suppose you have a phone with a locked bootloader such that you had to break in |
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parents:
diff
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350 with tfc139, you would like to unlock it so you can use RAM-based (non-flash) |
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parents:
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351 tools such as c139explore or OsmocomBB with it, but you have no particular need |
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parents:
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352 to change the main fw from the original version to a different one. If you |
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parents:
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353 need to perform such a cisversion unlock, you can do it as follows: |
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parents:
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|
354 |
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355 1. Break in with tfc139; |
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parents:
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356 2. Use fc-loadtool's flash dump2bin command to save the first 64 KiB sector |
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parents:
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357 of the flash to a file; |
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parents:
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358 3. Using a hex editor, patch the word at 0x2060 from 0x00000000 to 0xDDDDDDDD; |
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parents:
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359 4. Use fc-loadtool's flash erase-program-boot command to flash the patched |
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parents:
diff
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|
360 (unlocked) boot sector back into the phone. |
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parents:
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|
361 |
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parents:
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362 C155/156 differences |
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parents:
diff
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|
363 ==================== |
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parents:
diff
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|
364 |
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parents:
diff
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365 C155/156 phones are nicer than the others in that they use a flash chip with a |
e7502631a0f9
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parents:
diff
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|
366 "bottom boot" configuration. C11x/123 and C139/140 use "top boot" flash chips, |
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parents:
diff
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367 which is why the boot code and the first 56 KiB of the main fw image live in |
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parents:
diff
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368 the same erase block on those phones. The boot code and the control hand-off |
e7502631a0f9
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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369 interface between it and the main fw have also been revamped in C155/156 fw, |
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parents:
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|
370 and the new structure is: |
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parents:
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|
371 |
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parents:
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372 8 KiB sector at 0: contains the boot code |
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parents:
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373 7 more 8 KiB sectors starting at 0x2000: blank and unused |
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parents:
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374 64 KiB sector at 0x10000: also blank and unused |
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parents:
diff
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|
375 64 KiB sector at 0x20000: beginning of main fw image |
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parents:
diff
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|
376 |
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parents:
diff
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377 With this new flash layout, it is now possible to erase and program the main fw |
e7502631a0f9
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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|
378 region starting at 0x20000 without ever erasing the boot code sector or doing |
e7502631a0f9
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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379 any writes to it, so there is no bricking vulnerability window at all. (The |
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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|
380 phone can still be bricked though if one types the wrong command and erases the |
e7502631a0f9
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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|
381 boot sector inadvertently, so be careful.) |
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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|
382 |
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parents:
diff
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383 So far the only phones in this family that I laid my hacking hands on have been |
e7502631a0f9
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
384 North American C156 units, all from the same seller and batch (hence identical), |
e7502631a0f9
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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|
385 so I don't know if there exist any maliciously-locked boot code versions in |
e7502631a0f9
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
386 this family - the boot code in my C156 is free of any malfeatures. But if "bad" |
e7502631a0f9
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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|
387 versions of C155/156 boot code do exist, and if you can break into the phone |
e7502631a0f9
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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388 somehow, you can use the flash erase-program-boot command to rewrite the boot |
e7502631a0f9
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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|
389 code with minimal risk of bricking just like on the other Compal families. |