FreeCalypso > hg > freecalypso-tools
annotate doc/Compal-unlock @ 529:30bec872824a
doc/Target-utils: flash-boot-test documented
author | Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org> |
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date | Sun, 16 Jun 2019 18:42:44 +0000 |
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1 Using FreeCalypso tools to unlock Motorola C1xx phones |
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2 ====================================================== |
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3 |
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4 The ultimate goal of the FreeCalypso project is to produce our own complete GSM |
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5 dumbphone firmware which We the People fully own, control and compile from |
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6 source ourselves, running at first on some selected pre-existing hardware |
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7 targets, and then ultimately on our own Free Dumb Phone hardware. While that |
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8 goal is still far past the visible horizon, what can we do in the meantime to |
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9 make our current forced use of existing proprietary dumbphone firmwares a |
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10 little more tolerable? This article presents one such hack: using FreeCalypso |
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11 loadtools to dump the flash content of Compal phones for analysis, including |
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12 TIFFS, and to replace one existing proprietary fw version with another, e.g., |
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13 to remove carrier branding and the associated SIM restriction. |
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14 |
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15 Serial access |
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16 |
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17 Mot C1xx (Compal) phones have a 2.5 mm headset jack that dual-functions as a |
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18 debug/programming serial port. In hardware terms, there is an electrically |
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19 controlled switch (MUX) inside that switches the external jack between the |
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20 analog headset signals and the digital serial ones; this switch is controlled |
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21 by a GPIO signal from the Calypso. The hardware power-up state of this switch |
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22 is serial; Mot/Compal's standard fw switches it to headset upon boot, but the |
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23 serial setting persists long enough to use it to break into the bootloader. |
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24 |
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25 Bootloader |
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26 |
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27 The Calypso DBB (digital baseband) chip used in these phones has an on-chip |
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28 boot ROM, but it also has a hardware pin that enables or disables this boot |
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29 ROM, and unfortunately these phones have it disabled. If the boot ROM were |
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30 enabled in hardware, it would provide an unstoppable and unbrickable way to |
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31 take control of the device through the externally-accessible serial port like |
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32 we have on Openmoko and Pirelli phones, but unfortunately the hardware we have |
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33 available is not wired that way. |
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34 |
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35 However, Mot/Compal's standard firmware on these phones includes a bootloader, |
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36 a part that executes before any of the rest of the fw image is allowed to |
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37 execute or is made use of in any way, and this Compal-specific bootloader has a |
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38 provision for interrupting the boot process and diverting it to an externally- |
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39 supplied piece of code loaded over the serial line. Older fw versions have |
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40 this feature enabled unconditionally, but some of the newer versions have a |
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41 malfeature whereby the serial boot interrupt and code download possibility may |
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42 be disabled. Some C1xx phones out in the wild, particularly all North American |
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43 C139s with TracFone branding and some of the Cingular-branded ones as well, |
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44 have such maliciously-locked firmware in them. |
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45 |
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46 Fortunately though, these maliciously-locked firmwares (or at least all versions |
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47 we've encountered so far) have been found to have another hole through which we |
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48 can break in, as described in the TFC139-breakin article. We can exploit this |
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49 hole in the firmware to gain code execution access to the Calypso, and then use |
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50 the latter to reprogram the flash, replacing the ultra-malicious firmware with |
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51 some other version that, although still proprietary, is a little less evil. |
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52 |
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53 Making first contact |
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54 ==================== |
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55 |
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56 If you have a C1xx phone which you are seeking to free, your first step should |
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57 be to try breaking in with fc-loadtool, using the Compal bootloader method. |
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58 With the phone powered off, but containing a charged battery (SIM present or |
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59 absent, doesn't matter), proceed as follows: |
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60 |
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61 1. Connect the serial or USB-serial cable between your PC or other host and the |
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62 target phone's headset jack. |
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63 |
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64 2. On the host end, run fc-loadtool like this: |
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65 |
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66 C11x/123: fc-loadtool -h compal /dev/ttyXXX |
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67 C139/140: fc-loadtool -h compal -c 1004 /dev/ttyXXX |
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68 C155/156: fc-loadtool -h c155 /dev/ttyXXX |
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69 |
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70 3. Press the power button on the phone. A momentary press is sufficient and |
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71 recommended: the hardware powers up and causes the boot code to run exactly |
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72 the same whether the power button is pressed momentarily or held down. |
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73 |
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74 Normal phone power-up requires the button to be held down because the |
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75 standard firmware does a check fairly late in the boot process to see if the |
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76 power button is still held down, and commands the hardware (the ABB) to |
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77 power off if it is not - it is a standard feature to prevent phones from |
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78 turning themselves on inadvertently from accidental momentary presses of |
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79 that button. But if the goal is to cause the boot code to run, but not to |
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80 boot the regular fw all the way, a momentary press is ideal. |
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81 |
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82 If your phone has a bootloader without the malicious lock in it, the above |
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83 procedure should result in fc-loadtool gaining full access to the target and |
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84 landing you at a loadtool> prompt. You can dump the flash content and analyse |
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85 it, etc. If you would like to change to a different fw version (to remove the |
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86 SIM lock / carrier branding or for any other reason), see the corresponding |
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87 later section of this article. |
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88 |
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89 Alternative method |
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90 ================== |
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91 |
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92 If the above procedure fails to gain access to the Calypso because the boot |
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93 code in the phone never offers a serial download opportunity, the alternate |
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94 break-in method should be tried, going through the full running firmware |
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95 instead of just the bootloader part thereof. Proceed as follows: |
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96 |
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97 1. Remove the SIM (if there was one to begin with) and put the charged battery |
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98 back in. Charge the battery if necessary, using the standard charging |
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99 function of the existing fw. |
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100 |
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101 2. Power the phone up for normal boot: hold the power button down like a |
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102 regular user would, without fc-loadtool or other serial break-in tools. |
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103 The fw will boot up, notice the lack of a SIM, and the display will read |
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104 "SIM card absent" or something to that effect, depending on the fw version. |
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105 |
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106 3. Key in this magic sequence: **16379#. A hidden "Trace Switch" menu should |
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107 appear, with the choices being "Trace On" and "Earphone". Select "Trace On". |
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108 The electrically controlled hardware switch mentioned earlier in this article |
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109 should now be set back to the UART, bringing the latter out to the headset |
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110 jack. Because Mot/Compal's firmware is based on TI's reference architecture, |
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111 the interface presented by the running fw on this serial port is TI's RVTMUX, |
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112 albeit at 57600 baud instead of TI's default of 115200. |
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113 |
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114 4. Connect the headset jack serial cable if it wasn't already connected, and |
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115 run this FreeCalypso utility: |
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116 |
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117 tfc139 /dev/ttyXXX |
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118 |
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119 (The name tfc139 is historical; the current version is expected to work with |
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120 all Mot C1xx firmwares.) |
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121 |
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122 Compal's TI-based firmware implements some of TI's Test Mode commands, and one |
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123 of these commands is a raw memory write. It also implements some of TI's GPF |
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124 "system primitive" commands, including the MEMCHECK command that causes the |
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125 firmware to report some info on all running GPF tasks, including the location |
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126 of each task's stack. Our tfc139 utility will try to break into the phone |
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127 (gain code execution access) by querying the target fw for the location of the |
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128 L1A task's stack, and then using Test Mode memory write commands to write a |
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129 piece of shellcode into an unused RAM location and to make this code execute by |
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130 overwriting a function return address on the stack of the L1A task that |
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131 processes these Test Mode commands. |
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132 |
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133 If the stack smashing hack succeeds, the shellcode injected by tfc139 will send |
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134 a message out the serial port indicating this success, and then re-enable the |
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135 Calypso boot ROM and jump to it. Once the boot ROM code gains control, it will |
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136 wait forever for a serial code download following its standard protocol. If |
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137 tfc139 gets the success indication from the target, it will announce this |
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138 success and direct you to run: |
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139 |
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140 fc-loadtool -h compal -c none /dev/ttyXXX |
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141 |
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142 Do as it says. The -c none option tells fc-loadtool to skip compalstage and |
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143 proceed directly to feeding loadagent to the Calypso boot ROM. You should now |
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144 be in full control of the phone via fc-loadtool. |
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145 |
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146 There is one additional quirk worth mentioning. It appears that Mot/Compal's |
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147 main fw keeps resetting the RTC alarm registers in the Calypso DBB as it runs, |
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148 always keeping the alarm time in the near future relative to the current time. |
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149 When one breaks into this firmware with tfc139 and takes over the control of |
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150 the device with fc-loadtool, this alarm time will almost certainly be reached, |
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151 and the RTC alarm will go off. This alarm has no effect on loadtool operation |
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152 (i.e., it cannot reset the CPU or otherwise wrestle control away from loadtool, |
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153 so it doesn't add any bricking risk), but it has one quite surprising effect |
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154 upon exit, i.e., when you are done with your loadtool session and give it the |
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155 exit command. |
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156 |
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157 Loadtool's configured default exit action for this target is to send a power-off |
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158 command to the Iota ABB, leaving the device cleanly powered off. However, if |
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159 the RTC alarm has gone off previously during the session, the ABB will instantly |
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160 power the phone back on, and put it through a new boot cycle. The firmware |
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161 handles this special form of boot rather oddly: it proceeds to the same end |
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162 state it would have reached via a normal power button hold-down boot (powered |
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163 on with the "Insert SIM" message on the LCD), but it reaches this state almost |
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164 instantly, without going through the power-on LCD logo and buzz phase. Odd, |
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165 but harmless. This explanation has been included to save other hackers the |
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166 hours of bewildered head-scratching I spent chasing this quirk down. |
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167 |
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168 Dumping and reloading flash |
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169 =========================== |
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170 |
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171 Once you break in with fc-loadtool (either through the bootloader or through |
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172 tfc139), the first step you should do is make a dump (backup) of the flash: |
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173 |
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174 loadtool> flash dump2bin flashdump.bin |
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175 |
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176 Before you do any flash write (erase or program) operations, please realise |
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177 that these phones are brickable. Because the Calypso boot ROM is disabled at |
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178 the board level (Calypso DBB's nIBOOT configuration input is tied high directly |
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179 underneath the BGA package!), when the phone powers up, the ARM7 core starts |
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180 executing instructions directly out of the flash, from address 0. Therefore, |
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181 flash sector 0 must contain good working boot code (one that allows serial code |
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182 download access for recovery) at all times. If you erase this sector or fill |
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183 it with some garbage (anything other than good working boot code) and then power |
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184 the phone off or otherwise lose control of it, the phone will be unrecoverably |
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185 bricked! |
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186 |
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187 On most C1xx models there seems to be no way to access the Calypso's JTAG |
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188 signals, hence no possibility of using JTAG to unbrick a bricked phone. And |
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189 because the flash chip is a micro-BGA, it is quite unlikely that one could |
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190 successfully desolder it, program it in a standalone flash chip programmer, |
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191 and then put it back on the board. Thus if you brick your C1xx phone, then |
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192 most likely it is truly toast. You've been warned! |
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193 |
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194 That being said, if your phone came with a maliciously locked bootloader, such |
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195 that you had to use tfc139 to break in, then replacing that bootloader with a |
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196 non-malware version is pretty much a necessity, and taking the chance of |
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197 bricking the phone becomes a necessary risk. Even if the bootloader version in |
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198 your C1xx is free of the locking malfeature, if you need to reflash the main fw |
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199 to a different version, one still needs to erase and reprogram the dangerous |
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parents:
diff
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200 sector: on C11x/123 and C139/140 the main fw image starts at 0x2000, but the |
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201 erase block boundary doesn't come until 0x10000. |
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202 |
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203 The good news, however, is that fc-loadtool has special support for rewriting |
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204 the boot sector on Compal phones with minimal risk of bricking. The command is: |
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205 |
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206 flash erase-program-boot binfile [length] |
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207 |
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208 The first argument is the name of the file (in straight binary format) |
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209 containing the new boot code; the second argument (always interpreted as hex) |
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parents:
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210 is the number of bytes to program, always starting at 0. If only one argument |
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parents:
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211 is given, the length of the file is used instead, which must not exceed the |
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212 length of flash sector 0: 64 KiB on C11x/123 and C139/140, or 8 KiB on C155/156. |
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213 |
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214 This special command minimizes the bricking vulnerability window by loading the |
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215 entirety of the new boot code to be programmed into a scratchpad RAM buffer on |
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216 the target first (no problem because it's 64 KiB max), then commanding loadagent |
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
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217 (the code that actually runs on the Calypso when you use fc-loadtool) to perform |
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218 the "atomic" operation of erasing flash sector 0, then immediately reprogramming |
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219 it with the bits that are already in scratchpad RAM on the phone. |
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220 |
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221 With this approach the phone will only be bricked if the battery dies or is |
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222 physically yanked out of the phone in the time window between the beginning of |
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223 the erase operation and the last critical bit of the new boot code being |
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224 programmed - on the order of a second or two, or if the flash operations fail |
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225 for some reason. However, the phone will *not* be bricked with this approach |
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parents:
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226 if the serial connection between fc-loadtool or the target gets broken during |
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227 the window in question, or if the host machine running fc-loadtool crashes: no |
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228 flash operations start until loadtool gives the go-ahead command to loadagent, |
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229 and once loadagent receives the latter command, it will proceed till completion |
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230 without caring if loadtool is still there or not. |
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231 |
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232 Of course the conventional flash erase and flash program-bin commands will be |
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233 happy to operate on flash sector 0 just like any other sector, but doing so is |
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234 NOT recommended, as the window of vulnerability for bricking would then be |
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235 considerably greater. |
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236 |
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237 Unlocked firmware for C139 |
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238 ========================== |
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239 |
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240 If your phone is a North American (1900+850 MHz) C139, and you are reading this |
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241 article because it came with Cingular or TracFone branding, whereas you would |
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242 like to use it with SIMs and networks of your own choosing instead, you've come |
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243 to the right place. We have an unlocked and non-carrier-branded (Mot branding |
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244 only) version of the fw that runs on these phones, and you can use FreeCalypso |
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245 loadtools to flash this version into your C139 whether it came with Cingular or |
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246 TF branding originally. Download this file: |
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247 |
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248 ftp.freecalypso.org:/pub/GSM/Compal/c139-unlocked-fw.zip |
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249 |
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250 Unzip it, and you'll get c139-unlocked-fw.bin - that is the image you'll need |
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251 to flash into your phone. Get in with fc-loadtool (using tfc139 if necessary |
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252 for bootloader-locked phones) and make a backup of the original flash content. |
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253 Then reflash the firmware as follows: |
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254 |
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255 flash erase-program-boot c139-unlocked-fw.bin 2000 |
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parents:
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256 flash erase 10000 360000 |
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257 flash program-bin 2000 c139-unlocked-fw.bin 2000 |
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258 |
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259 The 3 commands given above will reflash the phone as follows: |
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260 |
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261 * The first 0x2000 bytes of the firmware image in c139-unlocked-fw.bin comprise |
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parents:
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262 the boot code. This fw version features the "good" boot code *without* the |
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parents:
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263 access locking malfeature. The erase-program-boot command will erase flash |
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parents:
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264 sector 0 (the entire 64 KiB sector, as the physics of the flash chip dictates) |
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parents:
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265 and then immediately reprogram its first 8 KiB with the "good" boot code from |
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parents:
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266 the unlocked fw image file. The remaining 56 KiB of this sector will be blank |
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parents:
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267 after this step. |
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parents:
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|
268 |
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269 * The following "regular" flash erase command is to erase the following 54 |
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parents:
diff
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|
270 sectors (also of 64 KiB each) in preparation for programming the main fw |
e7502631a0f9
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parents:
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271 image in there. |
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parents:
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|
272 |
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273 * The last command programs the bulk of the fw image into blank flash that has |
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parents:
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274 been erased by the first two commands. |
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275 |
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276 I also recommend erasing the old FFS that was maintained by the old fw version, |
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parents:
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277 so that the new fw will automatically format a "virgin" FFS the first time it |
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parents:
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|
278 boots: |
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279 |
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280 flash erase 370000 50000 |
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281 |
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282 After this procedure the phone should retain its original IMEI and factory RF |
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parents:
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283 calibration values, as these are stored in the 8 KiB sector at 0x3FC000 which |
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parents:
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284 is not touched per the above procedure - not in the FFS. |
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parents:
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|
285 |
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286 The same procedure should be followed for flashing all firmwares for C11x/123 |
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parents:
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287 and C139/140 phones. In the case of C11x/123, adjust the length for the "main" |
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parents:
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288 erase and program operations appropriately for the flash configuration in your |
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parents:
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289 phone. |
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290 |
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291 Flashing newer firmware versions |
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parents:
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292 ================================ |
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293 |
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294 The flashing procedure given above, where the first 0x2000 bytes of the new fw |
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parents:
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|
295 image (the bootloader part) are written with the flash erase-program-boot |
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
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|
296 command and the regular flash program-bin command writes everything from 0x2000 |
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
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297 onward, is only correct for older firmware versions whose bootloader portion is |
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parents:
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|
298 completely free from the access locking malfeature: not only unlocked, but with |
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parents:
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299 no provision for locking at all. In these older fw versions the boot code is |
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parents:
diff
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300 fully contained in the first 0x2000 bytes and nothing from 0x2000 onward affects |
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301 the ability to perform a new serial boot, hence the bricking vulnerability |
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302 window ends at 0x2000. However, this flashing procedure should NOT be used for |
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303 newer fw versions that have the provision for locking the bootloader - it's the |
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304 provision that matters in this case, even if the lock hasn't been activated - |
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305 if you flash one of these newer fw versions as above, you will risk bricking |
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parents:
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306 your phone! |
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parents:
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307 |
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308 If you need to flash one of the newer fw versions that includes the bootloader |
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309 lock provision, you need to take some additional precautionary steps: |
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310 |
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311 1. Examine the fw image you wish to flash with a hex dump viewer. Look starting |
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312 at offset 0x2000. You should see 3 identifying ASCII strings: one right at |
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313 0x2000, another at 0x2020 and one more at 0x2040. Then look at 4 bytes at |
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314 offset 0x2060. If they contain 0xFFFFFFFF (blank flash) like the surrounding |
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parents:
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315 unused bytes, then you have an older fw version without the bootloader lock |
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parents:
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316 provision - you can safely flash it as in the previous section. If it's a |
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317 newer fw version with the bootloader lock provision, the word at 0x2060 will |
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318 contain either 0x00000000 or 0xDDDDDDDD, corresponding to the activated |
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319 (access disabled) and non-activated (access enabled) states of the lock, |
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parents:
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320 respectively. |
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parents:
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321 |
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322 2. If the fw image you wish to flash has 0x00000000 at 0x2060, you must patch |
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323 it to 0xDDDDDDDD with a hex editor before flashing. Just because our tfc139 |
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parents:
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324 utility can recover phones with maliciously locked bootloaders does NOT mean |
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325 that you should *ever* deliberately flash such a bootloader-locked fw image |
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parents:
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326 into your phone! Recovery of locked phones via tfc139 depends on the |
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327 complete fw image being present and working, not just the bootloader part, |
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328 hence if you were to flash an image that has a lockable bootloader with the |
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parents:
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329 lock activated, the bricking vulnerability window will extend until the |
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parents:
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330 *entire* fw image has been programmed - far too dangerous. |
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parents:
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331 |
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parents:
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332 3. When flashing the image with fc-loadtool, use a slightly different command |
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parents:
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333 sequence compared to the previous section: |
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parents:
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334 |
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335 flash erase-program-boot new-fw-image.bin 10000 |
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336 flash erase 10000 360000 |
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337 flash program-bin 10000 new-fw-image.bin 10000 360000 |
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parents:
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338 |
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339 The difference is that the boundary between the part handled with flash |
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parents:
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340 erase-program-boot and the part handled with flash program-bin has been moved |
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parents:
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341 from 0x2000 to 0x10000. Because the word at 0x2060 is part of the bricking |
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parents:
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342 vulnerability window with these newer fw versions, one should rewrite the |
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parents:
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343 entire boot sector of the flash (including the beginning of the main fw image) |
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parents:
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344 with flash erase-program-boot for safety. |
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345 |
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346 Unlocking while keeping the same fw version |
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347 =========================================== |
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348 |
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349 Suppose you have a phone with a locked bootloader such that you had to break in |
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parents:
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350 with tfc139, you would like to unlock it so you can use RAM-based (non-flash) |
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parents:
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351 tools such as c139explore or OsmocomBB with it, but you have no particular need |
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parents:
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352 to change the main fw from the original version to a different one. If you |
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parents:
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353 need to perform such a cisversion unlock, you can do it as follows: |
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354 |
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355 1. Break in with tfc139; |
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356 2. Use fc-loadtool's flash dump2bin command to save the first 64 KiB sector |
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357 of the flash to a file; |
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358 3. Using a hex editor, patch the word at 0x2060 from 0x00000000 to 0xDDDDDDDD; |
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359 4. Use fc-loadtool's flash erase-program-boot command to flash the patched |
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parents:
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360 (unlocked) boot sector back into the phone. |
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parents:
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361 |
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parents:
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362 C155/156 differences |
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parents:
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363 ==================== |
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parents:
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364 |
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parents:
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365 C155/156 phones are nicer than the others in that they use a flash chip with a |
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parents:
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366 "bottom boot" configuration. C11x/123 and C139/140 use "top boot" flash chips, |
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parents:
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367 which is why the boot code and the first 56 KiB of the main fw image live in |
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parents:
diff
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368 the same erase block on those phones. The boot code and the control hand-off |
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parents:
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369 interface between it and the main fw have also been revamped in C155/156 fw, |
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parents:
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370 and the new structure is: |
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parents:
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|
371 |
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parents:
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372 8 KiB sector at 0: contains the boot code |
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parents:
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373 7 more 8 KiB sectors starting at 0x2000: blank and unused |
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parents:
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374 64 KiB sector at 0x10000: also blank and unused |
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parents:
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|
375 64 KiB sector at 0x20000: beginning of main fw image |
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parents:
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|
376 |
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parents:
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377 With this new flash layout, it is now possible to erase and program the main fw |
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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|
378 region starting at 0x20000 without ever erasing the boot code sector or doing |
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
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379 any writes to it, so there is no bricking vulnerability window at all. (The |
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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|
380 phone can still be bricked though if one types the wrong command and erases the |
e7502631a0f9
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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|
381 boot sector inadvertently, so be careful.) |
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parents:
diff
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|
382 |
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parents:
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383 So far the only phones in this family that I laid my hacking hands on have been |
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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|
384 North American C156 units, all from the same seller and batch (hence identical), |
e7502631a0f9
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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|
385 so I don't know if there exist any maliciously-locked boot code versions in |
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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|
386 this family - the boot code in my C156 is free of any malfeatures. But if "bad" |
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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|
387 versions of C155/156 boot code do exist, and if you can break into the phone |
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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388 somehow, you can use the flash erase-program-boot command to rewrite the boot |
e7502631a0f9
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
diff
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|
389 code with minimal risk of bricking just like on the other Compal families. |