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1 [Historical note: this document was originally written in 2014 when the vision
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2 of FreeCalypso was very different from what it is today. Since then we have
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3 transitioned from making aftermarket hacks on pre-existing Calypso phones and
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4 modems to producing and supporting our own FreeCalypso hardware products, and
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5 our firmware work has changed from a nebulous dream to stable production code.
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6 The ways in which we approach various technical aspects have changed
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7 accordingly, but much of our documentation has been slow to catch up. The
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8 documentation is now being updated, but there may still be some passages where
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9 the old world view shines through.]
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10
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11 TI's Calypso GSM/GPRS baseband processor chip has not one but two UART serial
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12 ports, called "MODEM" and "IrDA" in the hardware documentation. In hardware
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13 terms, both support basic data-leads-only UART operation at a fixed baud rate,
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14 but their extended capabilities differ: the IrDA UART adds IrDA capability (no
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15 surprise), whereas the MODEM UART adds hardware flow control and autobaud. If
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16 one is not implementing an actual IrDA interface, then the so-called "IrDA"
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17 UART becomes a strict subset of the MODEM one in terms of hw capabilities -
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18 just an extra UART, but a somewhat less capable one.
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19
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20 In a classic modem design such as that present in the GTA0x smartphones made by
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21 FIC/Openmoko, the Calypso presents a standard AT command interface on its MODEM
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22 UART port. (In the case of GTA0x phones this serial channel is wired to the
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23 phone's application processor; in a standalone modem it would be wired to a
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24 USB-serial chip or even to a classic RS-232 DB25 port.) However, what is less
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25 known is that the standard firmware for such modems simultaneously presents an
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26 entirely different interface on the IrDA UART - an interface intended for
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27 development, debugging and factory production testing (which includes RF
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28 calibration and IMEI etc programming), rather than for "normal" end users.
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29
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30 Normally this debug/development serial interface (called RVTMUX as will be
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31 explained momentarily) is hidden from "ordinary" users - for example, on FIC
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32 GTA0x phones it is wired to the analog headset jack through a hardware switch
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33 which needs to be enabled through a GPIO signal from the AP. On Mot C139 and
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34 its siblings the situation is similar: one needs to key in the secret magic
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35 sequence **16379#, and then the firmware presents a hidden menu for switching
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36 the analog headset jack between its "normal" function and the UART carrying
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37 RVTMUX.
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38
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39 But there also exist some oddball devices on which the RVTMUX interface is
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40 presented "in your face". The Pirelli DP-L10 phone has a USB charging port
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41 which is also wired (through a CP2102 USB-serial chip) to the IrDA UART on the
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42 Calypso - that's right, IrDA, not MODEM - a design decision with which this
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43 hacker strongly disagrees. (It'll definitely be wired to the MODEM UART
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44 instead on our own semi-clone of this phone, but I digress.) Apparently Foxconn
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45 (the designers of this phone) had no desire to provide a standard AT command
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46 interface, and instead the only "official" way to use the "data" function of
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47 their USB port (rather than the charging function) is for their "PC sync"
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48 feature, i.e., their proprietary Weendoze software. And guess what, their
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49 proprietary "PC sync" feature works over TI's RVTMUX interface, as that is
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50 what's presented on Calypso's IrDA UART behind the CP2102!
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51
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52 OK, so what is this RVTMUX? RV stands for RiViera, an application framework
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53 which TI added to their GSM firmware suite in the early 2000s, T stands for
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54 trace, and MUX stands for multiplexor. It's a binary packet interface, although
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55 many of these packets contain ASCII debug messages inside. The framing format
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56 is the same in both directions: each packet begins and ends with an STX (0x02)
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57 byte, all payload bytes except 0x02 and 0x10 are sent literally, and there is a
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58 DLE (0x10) byte prepended before any 0x02 or 0x10 in the payload. It's the same
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59 general principle as asynchronous HDLC (RFC 1662): packets can contain any
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60 binary data, and the framing provides packet boundaries - although TI's version
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61 is a little less robust than async-HDLC when it comes to recovering after lost
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62 synchronization.
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63
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64 The firmware suite component responsible for actually sending and receiving
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65 these packets over the assigned UART port (usually IrDA, but can be MODEM too,
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66 as on Compal phones for example) is called RVT (RiViera Trace), and it
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67 implements a MUX function. There are several logical channels multiplexed over
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68 one physical serial port, and the first byte of every packet indicates which
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69 logical channel it belongs to. Any component within the GSM firmware suite can
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70 send packets to RVT for transmission on this serial interface, and can also
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71 register to receive packets beginning with a particular type ID byte.
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72
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73 Debug trace output
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74 ==================
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75
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76 All GSM device firmwares that are based on TI's Calypso chipset reference fw
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77 continuously emit quite voluminous debug trace output on their RVTMUX serial
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78 port, whether it is hidden or exposed on a given device. Like all RVTMUX
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79 traffic, this debug trace output takes the form of binary packets as explained
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80 above, but the content of these packets is mostly ASCII with some binary header
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81 bytes prepended. FreeCalypso host utility rvtdump captures all serial output
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82 from a GSM device's RVTMUX port, parses the packet structure and displays this
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83 output in line-oriented pure ASCII with all binary parts decoded.
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84
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85 Test Mode commands
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86 ==================
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87
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88 The other major use of the RVTMUX interface is sending so-called Test Mode
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89 commands from an external host to a running GSM device. Depending on the
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90 firmware version, a GSM device can be commanded to do any of the following
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91 things through this mechanism:
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92
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93 * Exercise RF test modes, e.g., transmit continuously at a set frequency and
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94 power level;
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95 * Read and write arbitrary memory locations in the Calypso ARM7 address space;
|
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96 * Read and write ABB chip registers;
|
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97 * Reboot or power off;
|
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98 * Access and manipulate the device's flash file system (FFS).
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99
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100 In the segment of history of interest to us TI has produced two different
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101 target firmware components that can receive, interpret and act upon Test Mode
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102 command packets:
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103
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104 * The original Test Mode component of Layer 1, called L1TM or TML1: this
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105 component handles all RF test modes (needed for RF calibration on device
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106 production lines), and originally it also implemented memory and ABB register
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107 read and write commands, and provided access to TMFFS1 (see below). In the
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108 original implementation this component registered itself as the handler for
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109 the "TM" RVTMUX channel (RVT packet type 0x14), so it would receive all TM
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110 packets sent to the device.
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111
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112 * Enhanced Test Mode (ETM) is a later invention. It registers itself (instead
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113 of the old TM in L1) with RVT as the handler for the "TM" RVTMUX channel, and
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114 then provides a registration service of its own, such that various components
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115 in the fw suite can register to receive external command packets passing
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116 first through RVT, then through ETM, and can send responses passing through
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117 ETM, then through RVT back to the external host. If a given fw version
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118 contains both ETM and L1TM, then L1TM registers itself with ETM; an external
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119 host would send exactly the same binary command packets to exercise RF test
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120 modes, but inside the firmware they now pass through ETM on their way to L1TM.
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121
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122 The ETM_CORE module contained within ETM itself provides some low-level debug
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123 commands: by sending the right binary command packets to the GSM device via the
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124 RVTMUX serial channel, an external host can examine or modify any memory
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125 location and any hardware register, cause the device to reset, etc. Prior to
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126 ETM some of these functions (but not all) could be exercised through older TM3
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127 commands, but in FreeCalypso we became familiar with the ETM versions of these
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128 commands long before the older ones because we got the ETM component in full
|
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129 source form, whereas the sole surviving copy of TCS211 that serves as our golden
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130 reference came with L1TM in binary object form like the rest of L1, and we got
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131 to source-reconstructing it only much later.
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132
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133 Our TCS211 reference fw has both ETM and L1TM, thus it accepts both ETM and TM3
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134 command packets; the same holds for our current production firmwares that are
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135 based on this TCS211 reference. ETM commands (including TMFFS2, see below) also
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136 work on Pirelli's fw, but Mot/Compal's original fw for the C139 has only the
|
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137 original non-enhanced Test Mode, not ETM.
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138
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139 FFS access via TM/ETM
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140 =====================
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141
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142 One of the essential facilities provided in one form or another in all known
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143 incarnations of the Test Mode mechanism is the ability to access and manipulate
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144 the GSM device's flash file system (FFS). See TIFFS-Overview for a description
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145 of this file system. TI's TMFFS1 and TMFFS2 protocols provide a command and
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146 response packet interface to the FFS API functions inside the fw, and enable an
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147 external host connected to the GSM device via the RVTMUX channel to perform
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148 arbitrary read and write operations on the device file system.
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149
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150 In the segment of history of interest to us TI has produced two different
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151 and entirely incompatible versions of the TMFFS protocol: TMFFS1 and TMFFS2.
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152 Or rather, what is now called TMFFS1 was originally just TMFFS, and then came
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153 TMFFS2. TMFFS2 works only through ETM, whereas TMFFS1 predates ETM: in the
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154 original implementation the tm_ffs() function in the FFS code was called from
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155 L1TM code.
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156
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157 Our copy of TCS211 reference fw includes the source for both TMFFS1 and TMFFS2;
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158 it is theoretically possible to build a firmware image that includes both TMFFS
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159 versions (they won't conflict because they respond to different command
|
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160 packets), but it is pretty clear that TI never intended to have both enabled
|
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161 at the same time. Our copy of TCS211 came with TMFFS1 enabled and we didn't
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162 change it when we made the moko12 (leo2moko-r1) fw release for the Openmoko
|
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163 community (the previous proprietary mokoN firmwares also implement TMFFS1),
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164 but we have subsequently switched to TMFFS2 for our current TCS211-based work.
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165 Our current production firmwares implement TMFFS2.
|
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166
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167 Pirelli's fw implements TMFFS2: we don't have any source for this fw, but our
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168 FreeCalypso host utilities written to talk the TMFFS2 protocol based on our
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169 available TCS211 source work beautifully when run against Pirelli's fw.
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170
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171 Use in FreeCalypso
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172 ==================
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173
|
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174 Our current production firmwares for FreeCalypso modems faithfully follow the
|
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175 architecture of TI's TCS211 without any fundamental changes. Thus the
|
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176 functionality which we present via RVTMUX is exactly the same as TI's original:
|
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177 our firmwares emit the same 3 kinds of debug traces (RV, L1 and GPF) as various
|
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178 pre-existing ones, and for Test Mode functionality we have ETM, L1TM and TMFFS2.
|
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179
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180 We have adopted ETM and TMFFS2 as the standard combination for FreeCalypso,
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181 i.e., ETM_CORE for memory and ABB register reads and writes and TMFFS2 for
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182 external FFS access. We needed to develop our own host tools for operating on
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183 GSM device FFS via one of the two TMFFS protocols, and after studying the fw
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184 source implementing both, I (Space Falcon) came to the conclusion that TMFFS2
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185 is both more capable and more reliable; my guess is that TMFFS1 was likely kept
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186 around only because some of TI's crappy Weendoze host software depended on it.
|
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187 (See chipsetsw/drivers/drv_app/ffs/board/tmffs.c in leo2moko or tcs211-fcmodem
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188 if you would like to judge for yourself.)
|
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189
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190 We have the following host tools for communicating with TI-based GSM firmwares
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191 (both our own and some of the existing proprietary ones):
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192
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193 rvtdump This tool produces a human-readable dump of all output emitted
|
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194 by a TI-based GSM fw in the form of RVTMUX binary packets. It
|
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195 can also log this dump to a file.
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196
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197 rvinterf This tool is a superset of rvtdump: it not only dumps and/or
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198 logs all output from the GSM fw, but also provides a mechanism
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199 for sending command packets to it.
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200
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201 Rvinterf is the engine behind the following host tools that send Test Mode
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202 commands to a target:
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203
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204 fc-tmsh This is our basic tool for sending Test Mode commands to a
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205 running GSM fw. It is strictly asynchronous in that commands
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206 entered by the operator get sent to the target, and any response
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207 packets received from the target are displayed as they come in.
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208 The tool has no knowledge of any correspondence between commands
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209 being sent and whatever responses they should elicit, i.e., it
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210 is perfectly suited for experimental discovery of firmware
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211 behaviour in response to Test Mode commands.
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212
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213 This tool was written before we realized that there was/is an
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214 older, more basic Test Mode predating ETM, hence in many place
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215 we say "ETM" when we really should have said "TM". Oh well...
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216
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217 fc-fsio This tool speaks the TMFFS2 protocol and allows a user or
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218 developer to perform a wide range of operations on the file
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219 system of a GSM device. It operates synchronously, i.e., it
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220 sends ETM/TMFFS2 commands and expects responses in strict
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221 lock-step; a single user command may translate into a large
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222 number of ETM/TMFFS2 command packet exchanges.
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223
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224 fc-shell This tool is asynchronous like fc-tmsh, but instead of talking
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225 and listening on the TM/ETM RVTMUX channel, it talks and listens
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226 on GPF's channel and on the new AT-over-RVTMUX channel which we
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227 added in FreeCalypso. fc-shell can be used to issue system
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228 primitive commands to GPF (and to see firmware responses to
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229 them), and to talk AT commands via RVTMUX.
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230
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231 AT commands over RVTMUX
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232 =======================
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233
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234 There is one more use to which we put the RVTMUX debug serial interface that is
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235 an original FreeCalypso invention: communicating with the AT command interpreter
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236 (ATI). TI's original architecture assumes that if a product is to offer a
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237 standard AT command interface (the product is either a GSM/GPRS modem for which
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238 this AT command interface is the sole mode of usage or a feature phone that
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239 offers a data port as one of its features), then it will be presented on a
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240 dedicated UART separate from RVTMUX.
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241
|
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242 However, in the case of our FreeCalypso family of projects about 2 years had
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243 passed between our first functional GSM fw attempts in 2015 and us successfully
|
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244 building our own development board in 2017; during this time we had to work on
|
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245 various crippled pre-existing Calypso devices, and many of them had only one
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246 UART practically accessible. In response to this situation we developed a way
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247 to pass AT commands over RVTMUX. We created a new RVTMUX channel for this
|
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248 interface and assigned it RVT packet type 0x1A. Packets sent from an external
|
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249 host to the GSM device carry AT commands and SMS string input, whereas packets
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250 flowing the other way carry ATI's responses to commands and asynchronous
|
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251 notifications such as incoming calls. The host utility for talking AT commands
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252 to a FreeCalypso GSM device via RVTMUX is fc-shell, described above.
|
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253
|
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254 Now that we have built a proper FreeCalypso development board with two UARTs,
|
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255 the use of this AT-over-RVTMUX hack is deprecated for general usage: this hack
|
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|
256 does not support any data services (CSD or GPRS), and even for SMS it is
|
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|
257 crippled because maximum-length messages cannot be sent in the more capable PDU
|
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258 mode. However, it still comes in handy during certain casual testing sessions,
|
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|
259 and it is required if one needs to run our FreeCalypso firmware on Mot C1xx or
|
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|
260 Pirelli DP-L10 hardware.
|
|
223
|
261
|
|
|
262 Keepalive mechanism
|
|
|
263 ===================
|
|
|
264
|
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265 Another FreeCalypso addition to TI's RVTMUX interface is our keepalive mechanism
|
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|
266 for the voice pseudo-modem hack on Mot C1xx targets. The FreeCalypso family
|
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|
267 includes many subprojects, and one of these subprojects involves running modem-
|
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268 like firmware (control via AT commands only, no local UI) on Mot C1xx phones.
|
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|
269 Having a device that was originally made to be a phone with LCD and buttons
|
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|
270 turn into a serially-controlled pseudo-modem (LCD stays dark, buttons do
|
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|
271 nothing) feels quite weird, and this situation is exacerbated by the flashing
|
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|
272 requirement: the only way to run our pseudo-modem fw on Mot C1xx phones is to
|
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273 flash it, there is no way to run it out of RAM without disturbing the phone's
|
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|
274 original fw.
|
|
223
|
275
|
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|
276 When our Magnetite and Selenite firmwares are built for a C1xx target in the
|
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|
277 VPM configuration, they implement the following keepalive logic: if the phone
|
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|
278 is powered on and running our fw, but the charging power source is not plugged
|
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|
279 in, the fw sends periodic keepalive queries out the serial port to see if there
|
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|
280 is a running rvinterf process on the other end of the wire, and automatically
|
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|
281 powers off if there is no keepalive response.
|
|
223
|
282
|
|
|
283 Code has been added to rvinterf to respond with a keepalive answer packet when
|
|
|
284 a keepalive query packet is received; the feature has been implemented on the
|
429
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|
285 rvinterf side first, and then subsequently in our Magnetite fw for C1xx targets.
|
