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doc/How-flash-really-works: article written
author Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
date Sat, 09 Dec 2023 09:08:19 +0000
parents cb0f61535166
children
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1 The Calypso chip includes a built-in hardware provision for driving
2f401860e9ad documentation update for buzzer melodies
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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2 old-fashioned cellphone ringing buzzers. Not all Calypso phones use a buzzer
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3 as their ringing noise generator - many of the higher-end Calypso phones like
2f401860e9ad documentation update for buzzer melodies
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4 Mot C155/156 and Pirelli DP-L10 use a loudspeaker driven by a MIDI player chip
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5 instead, and it appears that the legendary TSM30 phone may have used TI's
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6 Melody E1 mechanism as its ringer. However, Motorola C11x/12x and C139/140
2f401860e9ad documentation update for buzzer melodies
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7 phones do use an old-fashioned buzzer, and in FreeCalypso we also work with some
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8 development boards that include one. Having thus established the relevance of
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9 the buzzer feature for FreeCalypso, we have done a bit of work toward exercising
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10 the buzzer and playing melodies through it. This article describes the
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11 available support for buzzer melodies in FC host tools.
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12
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13 Buzzer hardware capabilities
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14 ============================
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15
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16 The actual noise-making element in phones like Mot C1xx appears to be a magnetic
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17 buzzer - I previously assumed that it was a piezoelectic buzzer, but this
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18 assumption now appears to be incorrect. However, the relevant capabilities of
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19 this old-fashioned cellphone ringing buzzer are determined not so much by the
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20 physics of the actual noise-making element, but by the circuit with which it is
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21 driven. The buzzer is controlled by a single-bit digital output from the
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22 Calypso chip, different tone frequencies are generated by Calypso as digital
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23 square wave outputs, and different power control levels (for louder or softer
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24 ringing sound volume) are produced by applying PWM to the "on" phase of the tone
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25 square wave.
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26
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27 The Calypso chip allows its buzzer output to be driven with one of two different
2f401860e9ad documentation update for buzzer melodies
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28 internal logic blocks: either BU or PWT. We don't have any authoritative
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29 documentation for TI's earlier DBB chips prior to Calypso, but it appears that
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30 LT and BU functions for light and buzzer control came first, built into the
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31 ARMIO block which appears to precede the GSM Skunkworks business altogether, and
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32 then at some later point the alternative PWL and PWT implementations were added.
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33
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34 When driven as BU, Calypso buzzer output can produce 255 different frequencies
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35 ranging from 99 Hz to 12.7 kHz, produced by taking the 13 MHz master clock,
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36 dividing it by 512, and then dividing it again by a programmable integer factor
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37 in the range [2,256]. This mode of driving the buzzer works ideally when
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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38 non-musical output frequencies are needed, i.e., frequencies that are expressed
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39 in absolute Hz rather than musical notes.
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40
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41 PWT appears to have been added specifically to facilitate playing of ringtones
2f401860e9ad documentation update for buzzer melodies
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42 that are composed of musical notes. Compared to the range of 255 possible
2f401860e9ad documentation update for buzzer melodies
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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43 frequencies that can be produced by BU, PWT can only produce 48 different tone
2f401860e9ad documentation update for buzzer melodies
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44 frequencies, but these 48 possible PWT frequencies are special in that they
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45 closely approximate the 48 musical notes ranging from F4 to E8 in the scientific
2f401860e9ad documentation update for buzzer melodies
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46 pitch notation. These 48 musical notes of PWT range cannot be reproduced as
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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47 distinct frequencies in BU mode: at the upper range beginning with A6, two or
2f401860e9ad documentation update for buzzer melodies
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48 three different notes collapse to the same BU tone frequency, as the possible
2f401860e9ad documentation update for buzzer melodies
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49 frequencies that can be produced from 13 MHz by the simple division implemented
2f401860e9ad documentation update for buzzer melodies
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50 in BU get farther apart than successive notes of the chromatic scale. Thus if
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51 you are seeking to play ringtones that are composed of musical notes, use of PWT
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52 should be considered mandatory rather than optional. OTOH, if you are playing
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53 non-musical tones like SIT that are defined in absolute Hz, then BU will often
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54 work better.
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55
889
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56 Motorola C1xx official firmware uses PWT mode to play its ringtones, both
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57 built-in and user-composed, and we have successfully extracted some of those
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58 professional-quality PWT melodies from at least one C1xx firmware version.
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59
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60 Concept of buzzer melodies
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61 ==========================
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62
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63 The Calypso buzzer (either BU or PWT) is monophonic, meaning that it can only
2f401860e9ad documentation update for buzzer melodies
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64 play one note at a time. Given this constraint, a playable buzzer melody can be
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65 defined as a list of {tone, volume, duration} tuples, where <tone> is the
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66 frequency to be played (BU or PWT), <volume> is the relative volume for this
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67 note (PWM volume control), and <duration> is how long this note should sound.
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68
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69 The definitions for <tone> and <volume> are straightforward - they are numbers
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70 going directly into hardware registers - but in what units should the duration
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71 of notes be reckoned? In FreeCalypso we have adopted TDMA frames of 4.615 ms
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72 (or more precisely 60/13 ms) as our unit of duration for buzzer melodies, based
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73 on this reasoning: if playing of buzzer melodies is to be incorporated into
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74 operational phone handset firmware, then TDMA frames will be the only time unit
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75 that is available natively and directly, whereas any other measurement such as
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76 milliseconds would have to be converted to TDMA frames by the firmware code.
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77 Therefore, it makes the best sense to reckon all note durations in our buzzer
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78 melodies in TDMA frames to begin with.
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79
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80 2022 addition: BUZM melody player engine in FC Tourmaline
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81 =========================================================
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82
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83 As of 2022 our FC Tourmaline firmware includes a new buzzer melody player
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84 engine, implemented as a RiViera-based service named BUZM. The new BUZM service
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85 sits on top of the low-level PWT buzzer driver in the same way how RiViera
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86 Audio service sits on top of the low-level DSP+L1 combo, and the API (directed
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87 toward UI firmware layers) of the new BUZM service is modeled after that of RV
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88 Audio service. The primary objective of this BUZM venture is to get rid of the
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89 Condat audio driver layer mess which we inherited from TI (it has buzzer ringing
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90 and audio tone generation entangled together in a gnarly way which we need to
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91 move away from), but this migration also provides a secondary benefit: instead
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92 of being hard-coded, buzzer melodies will now be read from files in FFS, just
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93 like E1 melodies for loudspeaker-based ringing, allowing our UI firmware design
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94 to be harmonized between the two ringer configurations.
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95
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96 The following design decisions underlie our new FC Tourmaline buzzer melody
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97 facility:
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98
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99 * Regarding the choice between BU or PWT driving, PWT has been chosen. All
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100 melodies created for playing via BUZM need to consist of musical notes F4
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101 through E8 (scientific pitch notation, 349 to 5274 Hz), as supported by
889
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102 Calypso PWT block. This design decision matches Mot C1xx official firmware.
873
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103
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104 * Each melody is a sequence of sounded tones (PWT), either directly abutted or
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105 separated by pauses. In actual implementation, each melody is a sequence of
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106 directly abutted entries, where each entry can be either a sounded tone or a
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107 pause. Each entry (tone or silence) has a duration, reckoned in TDMA frames
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108 as explained above.
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109
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110 * For every sounded tone in a melody, a note volume in the range [1,64] is
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111 given. If the melody is played at maximum volume, the per-note volumes will
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112 be written directly into the hardware register (PWM control in 1/64 units).
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113 If the user-specified play volume is less than 64, the actual sounding volume
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114 of each note is determined as (play_volume * note_volume / 64), with the
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115 division step rounding up - when both play_volume and note_volume are
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116 constrained in the [1,64] range, the result of the rounding-up division is
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117 also constrained in the same range.
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118
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119 In terms of tool support, each FreeCalypso PWT buzzer melody begins life as an
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120 ASCII text source in the format defined by us. It is then compiled into binary
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121 form with our fc-pwt-comp utility, and the resulting binary melody file is
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122 uploaded into FreeCalypso device FFS. For manual testing, each uploaded buzzer
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123 melody can be played with AT@BUZ command. For finished phone operation, there
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124 will be two ringtone list files (one for play-until-answer ringing tones and
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125 one for non-repeating message alert tones) that will drive ringtone selection
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126 in the phone UI.
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127
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128 The format of ASCII source files for PWT melodies is best documented by
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129 examples: see several in the ringtools/examples directory.
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130
875
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131 Organization of melodies in FC device FFS
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132 =========================================
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133
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134 We shall have two types of ringtone melodies in FreeCalypso: PWT melodies to be
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135 played via the buzzer, and E1 melodies to be played via the voice path
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136 loudspeaker. Naturally, buzzer melodies can only be played on hardware
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137 platforms that have a buzzer, and voice path loudspeaker melodies can only be
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138 played on hw platforms that have such a speaker. The only platforms that can
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139 be expected to have both hw provisions are development boards like D-Sample and
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140 FC Venus - but even on those development boards, each given UI firmware build
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141 will support one or the other ringing type, but not both at the same time.
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142
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143 We shall have two separate FFS subtrees for these two melody types: PWT melodies
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144 for the buzzer will be stored under /buz, whereas E1 melodies for the voice path
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145 will be stored under /mel. Both trees will be constructed on the host system
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146 under /opt/freecalypso/buz and /opt/freecalypso/mel, and they will be uploaded
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147 into FC device FFS with fc-fsio:
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148
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149 upload-subtree /opt/freecalypso/buz /buz
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150 upload-subtree /opt/freecalypso/mel /mel
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151
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152 Individual melody files (compiled binary formats produced by fc-pwt-comp and
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153 fc-e1gen) will be stored as /buz/melodyname.bz and /mel/melodyname.e1 for the
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154 two types. There will also be melody list or index files:
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155
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156 /buz/ringtones.mls
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157 /buz/msgtones.mls
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158 /mel/ringtones.mls
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159 /mel/msgtones.mls
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160
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161 Each ringtones.mls file (for the buzzer or for Melody E1) will list the
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162 available melodies for the continuous play-until-answer ringing tone, and each
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163 msgtones.mls file will list the available melodies for the non-repeating message
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164 alert tone. The melody list (.mls) file format is defined by us: it is a binary
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165 format consisting of fixed-length records, one 80-byte record for each listed
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166 melody. Each record consists of two fields: the FFS pathname (always absolute
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167 as required by the RTOS environment without current directories) of the melody
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168 file and the name of the melody for the selection menu in the phone UI. Melody
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169 lists are compiled from line-based ASCII source into this binary format by our
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170 fc-ringlist-comp utility.
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171
890
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172 Support for iMelody ringtones
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173 =============================
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174
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175 Back in the olden days when dumbphones with monophonic buzzer-type ringers were
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176 the norm in society, there was a community of phone users who composed and
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177 exchanged their own ringtone melodies; the community standard format for those
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178 interchanges was EMS iMelody. Searching around the Internet in 2022, I (Mother
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179 Mychaela) couldn't find any iMelody ringtones that sound any good - the only
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180 ones I could find sound like crap, nowhere near professional-quality melodies
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181 which we've lifted out of Motorola's firmware. However, as a matter of due
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182 diligence, I felt that it would improper for FreeCalypso not to support iMelody
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183 ringtones, hence I wrote a program that groks iMelody files and converts those
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184 melodies to our native PWT format - this program is fc-imy2pwt.
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185
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186 Right now fc-imy2pwt implements a subset of the iMelody spec; the missing
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187 features are:
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188
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189 * All volume change commands in the melody are ignored: fc-imy2pwt does not
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190 support per-note volume changes within the melody, and all PWT notes are
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191 emitted at the maximum per-note volume of 64/64.
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192
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193 * The STYLE setting in IMY files is ignored, and all melodies are converted as
76cc910c508e document fc-imy2pwt
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194 if the style was S1, i.e., continuous, without automatically inserted rest
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195 between notes.
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196
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197 * All vibrator/LED/backlight control commands are ignored: in FreeCalypso
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198 architecture there is no synchronization between ringtone melodies and
76cc910c508e document fc-imy2pwt
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199 vibration cadence, instead the user selects between silent mode, ring only,
76cc910c508e document fc-imy2pwt
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200 vibrate only or ring+vibrate alerting as needed, without interference from
76cc910c508e document fc-imy2pwt
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201 overly-creative vanity melody composers. Likewise, we do not support
76cc910c508e document fc-imy2pwt
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202 melody-driven manipulation of any lights.
76cc910c508e document fc-imy2pwt
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203
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204 The policies of keeping the ringer and the vibrator separate and of leaving our
76cc910c508e document fc-imy2pwt
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205 LCD and keypad backlights alone are absolute, whereas support for volume changes
76cc910c508e document fc-imy2pwt
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents: 889
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206 within the melody and for non-S1 styles (automatically inserted rest periods)
76cc910c508e document fc-imy2pwt
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207 can be implemented *if* someone in our community has a real use case for such
76cc910c508e document fc-imy2pwt
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208 functionality.
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209
873
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210 Standalone buzzer exercising (outside of FC firmware)
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211 =====================================================
831
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212
2f401860e9ad documentation update for buzzer melodies
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213 We have a target utility (running on Calypso devices out of RAM) called
2f401860e9ad documentation update for buzzer melodies
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
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214 buzplayer, and a front end host program called fc-buzplay. If you load and run
2f401860e9ad documentation update for buzzer melodies
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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215 buzplayer manually via fc-iram, you can use it to exercise the buzzer manually,
873
2b5f4736079c doc/Buzzer-melodies: update for fc-pwt-comp and Tourmaline BUZM
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents: 831
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216 playing any tone at any volume, in either BU or PWT mode.
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217
873
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218 fc-buzplay is a higher-level tool: it establishes out-of-firmware operation on
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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219 a target Calypso device similarly to fc-loadtool (based on the same framework),
897
cb0f61535166 doc/Buzzer-melodies: update for new fc-buzplay
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parents: 890
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220 but running buzplayer instead of loadagent. Once you land at the buzplay>
cb0f61535166 doc/Buzzer-melodies: update for new fc-buzplay
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents: 890
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221 prompt, the main command of interest is 'play': it takes one required argument,
cb0f61535166 doc/Buzzer-melodies: update for new fc-buzplay
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents: 890
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222 the name of the melody file to play (ASCII BU or PWT format), and a second
cb0f61535166 doc/Buzzer-melodies: update for new fc-buzplay
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parents: 890
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223 optional argument, the play volume in the [1,64] range. The current version of
cb0f61535166 doc/Buzzer-melodies: update for new fc-buzplay
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents: 890
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224 this 'play' command intuits the melody format (BU or PWT) from the filename,
cb0f61535166 doc/Buzzer-melodies: update for new fc-buzplay
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parents: 890
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225 which must end in .buz or .pwt, respectively. You can also issue explicit
cb0f61535166 doc/Buzzer-melodies: update for new fc-buzplay
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents: 890
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226 play-bu and play-pwt commands, in which case the filename can be anything. All
cb0f61535166 doc/Buzzer-melodies: update for new fc-buzplay
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents: 890
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227 of these play command variants read the melody file in the respective format
cb0f61535166 doc/Buzzer-melodies: update for new fc-buzplay
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents: 890
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228 (ASCII in both cases, line-based), feed the melody to the target, and then
cb0f61535166 doc/Buzzer-melodies: update for new fc-buzplay
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents: 890
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229 command buzplayer to actually play it on the physical buzzer.