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etmsync Pirelli IMEI retrieval: fix poor use of printf() Bug reported by Vadim Yanitskiy <fixeria@osmocom.org>: the construct where a static-allocated string was passed to printf() without any format arguments causes newer compilers to report a security problem. Given that formatted output is not needed here, just fixed string output, change printf() to fputs(), and direct the error message to stderr while at it.
author Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
date Thu, 23 May 2024 17:29:57 +0000
parents b6b8307d195b
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b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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1 In FreeCalypso we use 3 different file formats for Calypso binary images, i.e.,
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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2 code images to be loaded into either flash or RAM or retrieved flash dumps.
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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3 These 3 different file formats are straight binary (*.bin), moko-style m0 (*.m0)
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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4 and little-endian S-records (*.srec).
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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5
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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6 Straight binary (*.bin)
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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7 =======================
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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8
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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9 Straight binary is our preferred format for flash dumps. It is written in the
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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10 native little-endian byte order of the Calypso ARM7 processor, i.e., the order
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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11 of bytes in the raw binary file directly corresponds to incrementing byte
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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12 addresses as visible to the ARM7 - any ASCII strings in the image thus appear
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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13 naturally. We also use the same straight binary format in native LE byte order
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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14 for flashable code images generated with the gcc+binutils toolchain (as opposed
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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15 to TI's TMS470), generated with arm-elf-objcopy -O binary - although we don't
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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16 have too many such code images currently given that neither FC Citrine nor FC
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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17 Selenite ever achieved production quality.
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18
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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19 Another unrelated use of this straight binary format is for RAM-loadable code
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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20 images that are fed to Compal's bootloader (Motorola C1xx and Sony Ericsson
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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21 J100) as opposed to Calypso boot ROM. Our generally preferred image format for
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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22 RAM-loadable code pieces is little-endian S-records (*.srec, see below), but
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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23 for Compal's bootloader we use straight binary instead because of the way this
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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24 bootloader protocol works.
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25
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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26 moko-style m0
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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27 =============
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28
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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29 This format is a variant of Motorola hex (S-records), a variant invented by TI
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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30 rather than by us. This format is produced by TI's hex470 tool when run with
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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31 -m -memwidth 16 -romwidth 16 options, which is the configuration used by TI in
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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32 the Calypso program, and is read by TI's flash programming tool called FLUID.
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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33 TI used this format not only for flashable firmware images, but also for various
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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34 RAM-loadable code pieces, particularly those that comprise the target-side
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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35 component of FLUID.
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36
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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37 The special quirk of this S-record variant format is its peculiar byte order.
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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38 TI viewed it as "16-bit hex", meaning that the image is logically viewed as
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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39 consisting of 16-bit words rather than 8-bit bytes, each S3 record carries an
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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40 even number of bytes to be loaded at an even address, and each 16-bit word
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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41 (4 hex digits) appears in these S3 records with its most-significant hex nibble
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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42 toward the left, just like the address field of each S-record. But if this
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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43 image gets interpreted by some more naive tool (for example, objcopy from GNU
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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44 binutils) as bytes rather than 16-bit words, the result will be a reversed byte
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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45 order, with all strings etc messed up.
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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46
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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47 In FreeCalypso we use this moko-style m0 format (our new name for what TI called
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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48 16-bit hex) only for flashable firmware images built with TI's TMS470 toolchain
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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49 (can be our own FC Magnetite or historical ones built by Openmoko or other
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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50 similar historical vendors), but never for any RAM-loadable code pieces - we use
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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51 little-endian SREC for the latter as explained below.
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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52
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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53 And what about the name? Why do we call it moko-style m0 rather than just m0?
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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54 The reason is because Compal muddied our waters by introducing their own *.m0
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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55 files that were generated with -memwidth 8 -romwidth 8 instead of -memwidth 16
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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56 -romwidth 16, producing 8-bit hex instead of 16-bit hex. We do not support
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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57 Compal's different *.m0 files at all, and we needed some name to specifically
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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58 identify TI-style m0 files rather than Compal-style. We ended up with the name
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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59 moko-style rather than TI-style because we already had our mokosrec2bin program
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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60 going back to 2013-04-15, one of the very first programs written in the
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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61 FreeCalypso family of projects: our very first encounter with this file format
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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62 were mokoN firmware images put out in this *.m0 format by That Company.
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63
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64 Little-endian S-records (*.srec)
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65 ================================
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66
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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67 Back at the beginning of FreeCalypso in the spring/summer of 2013 I (Mother
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68 Mychaela) decided to use S-records instead of straight binary for our
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
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69 RAM-loadable code pieces, i.e., code that is loaded into RAM either through the
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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70 Calypso boot ROM (fc-iram) or by chain-loading via loadagent (fc-xram). I made
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
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71 this decision based on two factors:
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72
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73 1) ARM code generated by common toolchains (both TI's TMS470 and gcc+binutils)
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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74 without special contortions is not position-independent: a code image that
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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75 was linked for a given address needs to be loaded at that specific address,
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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76 not some other.
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77
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78 2) An S-record image has its load address embedded in the image itself, whereas
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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79 a raw binary naturally does not carry any such extra metadata.
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80
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81 With SREC as the standardized hand-off format from code generation tools to
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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82 loadtools, the choice of load address is made entirely on the code generation
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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83 side; loadtools do not impose a fixed load address, nor do they require it to
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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84 be communicated via extra command line arguments or options.
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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85
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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86 However, the variant of SREC we use for RAM-loadable code pieces is not the same
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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87 as moko-style m0 - the byte order is the opposite, with our RAM-loadable code
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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88 pieces using the native little-endian byte order of the ARM7 processor as the
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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89 byte order within S3 records. Prior to the introduction of RAM-loadable FC
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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90 Magnetite fw images for Pirelli DP-L10 in late 2016 (and then likewise for our
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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91 own FCDEV3B), the only RAM-loadable code pieces we have had were built with
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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92 gcc+binutils, not with TMS470, and GNU binutils got a different take on the
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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93 S-record format than TI did: they generate byte-oriented SREC files, with the
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94 byte order being the same as it would be in a straight binary file, matching
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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95 the target processor's memory byte addressing order. Thus GNU-style SREC has
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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96 been adopted as the format for our RAM-loadable code images for both fc-iram
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97 and fc-xram, as opposed to TI-style SREC aka moko-style m0. The convention we
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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98 have adopted is that *.m0 filename suffix means TI-style aka moko-style,
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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99 whereas *.srec means GNU-style.
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100
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101 Besides the S3 record byte order, there is one other difference between TI-built
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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102 *.m0 code images and GNU-built *.srec ones: the final S7 record carries the
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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103 entry point address in GNU-built *.srec images, whereas TI's *.m0 images always
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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104 have a zero dummy address in there. Our fc-iram and fc-xram tools require the
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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105 real entry point address in the S7 record.
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106
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107 How do we generate ramimage.srec RAM-loadable images for fc-xram in FC
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108 Magnetite? Answer: FC Magnetite build system includes a special ad hoc
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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109 converter program that reads ramimage.m0 produced by TI's hex470 tool and
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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110 produces ramimage.srec: it reverses the order of bytes, adds another S3 record
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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111 that writes the boot-ROM-redirected interrupt and exception vectors and
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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112 generates an S7 record with the right entry point address.
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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113
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114 This little-endian *.srec format is actively used only for RAM-loadable code
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115 pieces in FreeCalypso, not for anything that goes into or gets read from flash.
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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116 We do have flash dump2srec and flash program-srec commands in fc-loadtool, they
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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117 were implemented back in the founding stage of FreeCalypso in 2013 for the sake
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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118 of completeness and symmetry (it seemed right to support both binary and
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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119 S-record formats), but they never got any practical use: if you are making a
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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120 flash dump, you would normally want to examine it afterward, and any such
b6b8307d195b doc: new articles Binary-file-formats and Flash-programming
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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121 examination almost always needs a straight binary image, not S-records.