FreeCalypso > hg > freecalypso-tools
annotate doc/Buzzer-melodies @ 1014:961efadd530a default tip
fc-shell TCH DL handler: add support for CSD modes
TCH DL capture mechanism in FC Tourmaline firmware has been extended
to support CSD modes in addition to speech - add the necessary support
on the host tools side.
It needs to be noted that this mechanism in its present state does NOT
provide the debug utility value that was sought: as we learned only
after the code was implemented, TI's DSP has a misfeature in that the
buffer we are reading (a_dd_0[]) is zeroed out when the IDS block
is enabled, i.e., we are reading all zeros and not the real DL bits
we were after. But since the code has already been written, we are
keeping it - perhaps we can do some tests with IDS disabled.
author | Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org> |
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date | Tue, 26 Nov 2024 06:27:43 +0000 |
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1 The Calypso chip includes a built-in hardware provision for driving |
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2 old-fashioned cellphone ringing buzzers. Not all Calypso phones use a buzzer |
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3 as their ringing noise generator - many of the higher-end Calypso phones like |
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4 Mot C155/156 and Pirelli DP-L10 use a loudspeaker driven by a MIDI player chip |
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5 instead, and it appears that the legendary TSM30 phone may have used TI's |
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6 Melody E1 mechanism as its ringer. However, Motorola C11x/12x and C139/140 |
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7 phones do use an old-fashioned buzzer, and in FreeCalypso we also work with some |
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8 development boards that include one. Having thus established the relevance of |
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9 the buzzer feature for FreeCalypso, we have done a bit of work toward exercising |
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10 the buzzer and playing melodies through it. This article describes the |
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11 available support for buzzer melodies in FC host tools. |
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12 |
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13 Buzzer hardware capabilities |
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14 ============================ |
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15 |
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16 The actual noise-making element in phones like Mot C1xx appears to be a magnetic |
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17 buzzer - I previously assumed that it was a piezoelectic buzzer, but this |
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18 assumption now appears to be incorrect. However, the relevant capabilities of |
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19 this old-fashioned cellphone ringing buzzer are determined not so much by the |
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20 physics of the actual noise-making element, but by the circuit with which it is |
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21 driven. The buzzer is controlled by a single-bit digital output from the |
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22 Calypso chip, different tone frequencies are generated by Calypso as digital |
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23 square wave outputs, and different power control levels (for louder or softer |
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24 ringing sound volume) are produced by applying PWM to the "on" phase of the tone |
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25 square wave. |
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26 |
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27 The Calypso chip allows its buzzer output to be driven with one of two different |
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28 internal logic blocks: either BU or PWT. We don't have any authoritative |
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29 documentation for TI's earlier DBB chips prior to Calypso, but it appears that |
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30 LT and BU functions for light and buzzer control came first, built into the |
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31 ARMIO block which appears to precede the GSM Skunkworks business altogether, and |
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32 then at some later point the alternative PWL and PWT implementations were added. |
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33 |
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34 When driven as BU, Calypso buzzer output can produce 255 different frequencies |
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35 ranging from 99 Hz to 12.7 kHz, produced by taking the 13 MHz master clock, |
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36 dividing it by 512, and then dividing it again by a programmable integer factor |
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37 in the range [2,256]. This mode of driving the buzzer works ideally when |
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38 non-musical output frequencies are needed, i.e., frequencies that are expressed |
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39 in absolute Hz rather than musical notes. |
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40 |
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41 PWT appears to have been added specifically to facilitate playing of ringtones |
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42 that are composed of musical notes. Compared to the range of 255 possible |
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43 frequencies that can be produced by BU, PWT can only produce 48 different tone |
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44 frequencies, but these 48 possible PWT frequencies are special in that they |
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45 closely approximate the 48 musical notes ranging from F4 to E8 in the scientific |
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46 pitch notation. These 48 musical notes of PWT range cannot be reproduced as |
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47 distinct frequencies in BU mode: at the upper range beginning with A6, two or |
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48 three different notes collapse to the same BU tone frequency, as the possible |
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49 frequencies that can be produced from 13 MHz by the simple division implemented |
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50 in BU get farther apart than successive notes of the chromatic scale. Thus if |
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51 you are seeking to play ringtones that are composed of musical notes, use of PWT |
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52 should be considered mandatory rather than optional. OTOH, if you are playing |
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53 non-musical tones like SIT that are defined in absolute Hz, then BU will often |
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54 work better. |
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55 |
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56 Motorola C1xx official firmware uses PWT mode to play its ringtones, both |
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57 built-in and user-composed, and we have successfully extracted some of those |
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58 professional-quality PWT melodies from at least one C1xx firmware version. |
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59 |
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60 Concept of buzzer melodies |
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61 ========================== |
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62 |
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63 The Calypso buzzer (either BU or PWT) is monophonic, meaning that it can only |
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64 play one note at a time. Given this constraint, a playable buzzer melody can be |
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65 defined as a list of {tone, volume, duration} tuples, where <tone> is the |
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66 frequency to be played (BU or PWT), <volume> is the relative volume for this |
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67 note (PWM volume control), and <duration> is how long this note should sound. |
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68 |
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69 The definitions for <tone> and <volume> are straightforward - they are numbers |
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70 going directly into hardware registers - but in what units should the duration |
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71 of notes be reckoned? In FreeCalypso we have adopted TDMA frames of 4.615 ms |
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72 (or more precisely 60/13 ms) as our unit of duration for buzzer melodies, based |
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73 on this reasoning: if playing of buzzer melodies is to be incorporated into |
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74 operational phone handset firmware, then TDMA frames will be the only time unit |
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75 that is available natively and directly, whereas any other measurement such as |
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76 milliseconds would have to be converted to TDMA frames by the firmware code. |
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77 Therefore, it makes the best sense to reckon all note durations in our buzzer |
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78 melodies in TDMA frames to begin with. |
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79 |
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80 2022 addition: BUZM melody player engine in FC Tourmaline |
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81 ========================================================= |
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82 |
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83 As of 2022 our FC Tourmaline firmware includes a new buzzer melody player |
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84 engine, implemented as a RiViera-based service named BUZM. The new BUZM service |
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85 sits on top of the low-level PWT buzzer driver in the same way how RiViera |
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86 Audio service sits on top of the low-level DSP+L1 combo, and the API (directed |
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87 toward UI firmware layers) of the new BUZM service is modeled after that of RV |
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88 Audio service. The primary objective of this BUZM venture is to get rid of the |
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89 Condat audio driver layer mess which we inherited from TI (it has buzzer ringing |
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90 and audio tone generation entangled together in a gnarly way which we need to |
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91 move away from), but this migration also provides a secondary benefit: instead |
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92 of being hard-coded, buzzer melodies will now be read from files in FFS, just |
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93 like E1 melodies for loudspeaker-based ringing, allowing our UI firmware design |
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94 to be harmonized between the two ringer configurations. |
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95 |
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96 The following design decisions underlie our new FC Tourmaline buzzer melody |
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97 facility: |
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98 |
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99 * Regarding the choice between BU or PWT driving, PWT has been chosen. All |
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100 melodies created for playing via BUZM need to consist of musical notes F4 |
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101 through E8 (scientific pitch notation, 349 to 5274 Hz), as supported by |
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102 Calypso PWT block. This design decision matches Mot C1xx official firmware. |
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103 |
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104 * Each melody is a sequence of sounded tones (PWT), either directly abutted or |
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105 separated by pauses. In actual implementation, each melody is a sequence of |
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106 directly abutted entries, where each entry can be either a sounded tone or a |
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107 pause. Each entry (tone or silence) has a duration, reckoned in TDMA frames |
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108 as explained above. |
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109 |
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110 * For every sounded tone in a melody, a note volume in the range [1,64] is |
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111 given. If the melody is played at maximum volume, the per-note volumes will |
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112 be written directly into the hardware register (PWM control in 1/64 units). |
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113 If the user-specified play volume is less than 64, the actual sounding volume |
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114 of each note is determined as (play_volume * note_volume / 64), with the |
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115 division step rounding up - when both play_volume and note_volume are |
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116 constrained in the [1,64] range, the result of the rounding-up division is |
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117 also constrained in the same range. |
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118 |
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119 In terms of tool support, each FreeCalypso PWT buzzer melody begins life as an |
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120 ASCII text source in the format defined by us. It is then compiled into binary |
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121 form with our fc-pwt-comp utility, and the resulting binary melody file is |
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122 uploaded into FreeCalypso device FFS. For manual testing, each uploaded buzzer |
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123 melody can be played with AT@BUZ command. For finished phone operation, there |
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124 will be two ringtone list files (one for play-until-answer ringing tones and |
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125 one for non-repeating message alert tones) that will drive ringtone selection |
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126 in the phone UI. |
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127 |
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128 The format of ASCII source files for PWT melodies is best documented by |
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129 examples: see several in the ringtools/examples directory. |
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130 |
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131 Organization of melodies in FC device FFS |
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132 ========================================= |
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133 |
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134 We shall have two types of ringtone melodies in FreeCalypso: PWT melodies to be |
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135 played via the buzzer, and E1 melodies to be played via the voice path |
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136 loudspeaker. Naturally, buzzer melodies can only be played on hardware |
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137 platforms that have a buzzer, and voice path loudspeaker melodies can only be |
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138 played on hw platforms that have such a speaker. The only platforms that can |
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139 be expected to have both hw provisions are development boards like D-Sample and |
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140 FC Venus - but even on those development boards, each given UI firmware build |
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141 will support one or the other ringing type, but not both at the same time. |
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142 |
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143 We shall have two separate FFS subtrees for these two melody types: PWT melodies |
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144 for the buzzer will be stored under /buz, whereas E1 melodies for the voice path |
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145 will be stored under /mel. Both trees will be constructed on the host system |
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146 under /opt/freecalypso/buz and /opt/freecalypso/mel, and they will be uploaded |
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147 into FC device FFS with fc-fsio: |
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148 |
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149 upload-subtree /opt/freecalypso/buz /buz |
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150 upload-subtree /opt/freecalypso/mel /mel |
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151 |
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152 Individual melody files (compiled binary formats produced by fc-pwt-comp and |
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153 fc-e1gen) will be stored as /buz/melodyname.bz and /mel/melodyname.e1 for the |
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154 two types. There will also be melody list or index files: |
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155 |
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156 /buz/ringtones.mls |
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157 /buz/msgtones.mls |
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158 /mel/ringtones.mls |
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159 /mel/msgtones.mls |
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160 |
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161 Each ringtones.mls file (for the buzzer or for Melody E1) will list the |
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162 available melodies for the continuous play-until-answer ringing tone, and each |
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163 msgtones.mls file will list the available melodies for the non-repeating message |
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164 alert tone. The melody list (.mls) file format is defined by us: it is a binary |
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165 format consisting of fixed-length records, one 80-byte record for each listed |
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166 melody. Each record consists of two fields: the FFS pathname (always absolute |
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167 as required by the RTOS environment without current directories) of the melody |
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168 file and the name of the melody for the selection menu in the phone UI. Melody |
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169 lists are compiled from line-based ASCII source into this binary format by our |
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170 fc-ringlist-comp utility. |
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171 |
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172 Support for iMelody ringtones |
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173 ============================= |
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174 |
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175 Back in the olden days when dumbphones with monophonic buzzer-type ringers were |
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176 the norm in society, there was a community of phone users who composed and |
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177 exchanged their own ringtone melodies; the community standard format for those |
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178 interchanges was EMS iMelody. Searching around the Internet in 2022, I (Mother |
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179 Mychaela) couldn't find any iMelody ringtones that sound any good - the only |
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180 ones I could find sound like crap, nowhere near professional-quality melodies |
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181 which we've lifted out of Motorola's firmware. However, as a matter of due |
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182 diligence, I felt that it would improper for FreeCalypso not to support iMelody |
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183 ringtones, hence I wrote a program that groks iMelody files and converts those |
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184 melodies to our native PWT format - this program is fc-imy2pwt. |
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185 |
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186 Right now fc-imy2pwt implements a subset of the iMelody spec; the missing |
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187 features are: |
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188 |
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189 * All volume change commands in the melody are ignored: fc-imy2pwt does not |
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190 support per-note volume changes within the melody, and all PWT notes are |
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191 emitted at the maximum per-note volume of 64/64. |
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192 |
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193 * The STYLE setting in IMY files is ignored, and all melodies are converted as |
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194 if the style was S1, i.e., continuous, without automatically inserted rest |
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195 between notes. |
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196 |
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197 * All vibrator/LED/backlight control commands are ignored: in FreeCalypso |
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198 architecture there is no synchronization between ringtone melodies and |
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199 vibration cadence, instead the user selects between silent mode, ring only, |
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200 vibrate only or ring+vibrate alerting as needed, without interference from |
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201 overly-creative vanity melody composers. Likewise, we do not support |
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202 melody-driven manipulation of any lights. |
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203 |
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204 The policies of keeping the ringer and the vibrator separate and of leaving our |
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205 LCD and keypad backlights alone are absolute, whereas support for volume changes |
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206 within the melody and for non-S1 styles (automatically inserted rest periods) |
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207 can be implemented *if* someone in our community has a real use case for such |
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208 functionality. |
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209 |
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210 Standalone buzzer exercising (outside of FC firmware) |
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211 ===================================================== |
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212 |
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213 We have a target utility (running on Calypso devices out of RAM) called |
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214 buzplayer, and a front end host program called fc-buzplay. If you load and run |
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215 buzplayer manually via fc-iram, you can use it to exercise the buzzer manually, |
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doc/Buzzer-melodies: update for fc-pwt-comp and Tourmaline BUZM
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216 playing any tone at any volume, in either BU or PWT mode. |
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217 |
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218 fc-buzplay is a higher-level tool: it establishes out-of-firmware operation on |
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219 a target Calypso device similarly to fc-loadtool (based on the same framework), |
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220 but running buzplayer instead of loadagent. Once you land at the buzplay> |
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221 prompt, the main command of interest is 'play': it takes one required argument, |
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222 the name of the melody file to play (ASCII BU or PWT format), and a second |
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223 optional argument, the play volume in the [1,64] range. The current version of |
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224 this 'play' command intuits the melody format (BU or PWT) from the filename, |
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225 which must end in .buz or .pwt, respectively. You can also issue explicit |
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226 play-bu and play-pwt commands, in which case the filename can be anything. All |
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227 of these play command variants read the melody file in the respective format |
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228 (ASCII in both cases, line-based), feed the melody to the target, and then |
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229 command buzplayer to actually play it on the physical buzzer. |