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view doc/Compal-unlock @ 360:68c8cf672ecd
uptools/libcoding: implemented generation of SMS-SUBMIT PDUs
author | Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org> |
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date | Sun, 04 Mar 2018 06:24:36 +0000 |
parents | 21eec7569eb8 |
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Using FreeCalypso tools to unlock Motorola C1xx phones ====================================================== The ultimate goal of the FreeCalypso project is to produce our own complete GSM dumbphone firmware which We the People fully own, control and compile from source ourselves, running at first on some selected pre-existing hardware targets, and then ultimately on our own Free Dumb Phone hardware. While that goal is still far past the visible horizon, what can we do in the meantime to make our current forced use of existing proprietary dumbphone firmwares a little more tolerable? This article presents one such hack: using FreeCalypso loadtools to dump the flash content of Compal phones for analysis, including TIFFS, and to replace one existing proprietary fw version with another, e.g., to remove carrier branding and the associated SIM restriction. Serial access Mot C1xx (Compal) phones have a 2.5 mm headset jack that dual-functions as a debug/programming serial port. In hardware terms, there is an electrically controlled switch (MUX) inside that switches the external jack between the analog headset signals and the digital serial ones; this switch is controlled by a GPIO signal from the Calypso. The hardware power-up state of this switch is serial; Mot/Compal's standard fw switches it to headset upon boot, but the serial setting persists long enough to use it to break into the bootloader. Bootloader The Calypso DBB (digital baseband) chip used in these phones has an on-chip boot ROM, but it also has a hardware pin that enables or disables this boot ROM, and unfortunately these phones have it disabled. If the boot ROM were enabled in hardware, it would provide an unstoppable and unbrickable way to take control of the device through the externally-accessible serial port like we have on Openmoko and Pirelli phones, but unfortunately the hardware we have available is not wired that way. However, Mot/Compal's standard firmware on these phones includes a bootloader, a part that executes before any of the rest of the fw image is allowed to execute or is made use of in any way, and this Compal-specific bootloader has a provision for interrupting the boot process and diverting it to an externally- supplied piece of code loaded over the serial line. Older fw versions have this feature enabled unconditionally, but some of the newer versions have a malfeature whereby the serial boot interrupt and code download possibility may be disabled. Some C1xx phones out in the wild, particularly all North American C139s with TracFone branding and some of the Cingular-branded ones as well, have such maliciously-locked firmware in them. Fortunately though, these maliciously-locked firmwares (or at least all versions we've encountered so far) have been found to have another hole through which we can break in, as described in the TFC139-breakin article. We can exploit this hole in the firmware to gain code execution access to the Calypso, and then use the latter to reprogram the flash, replacing the ultra-malicious firmware with some other version that, although still proprietary, is a little less evil. Making first contact ==================== If you have a C1xx phone which you are seeking to free, your first step should be to try breaking in with fc-loadtool, using the Compal bootloader method. With the phone powered off, but containing a charged battery (SIM present or absent, doesn't matter), proceed as follows: 1. Connect the serial or USB-serial cable between your PC or other host and the target phone's headset jack. 2. On the host end, run fc-loadtool like this: C11x/123: fc-loadtool -h compal /dev/ttyXXX C139/140: fc-loadtool -h compal -c 1004 /dev/ttyXXX C155/156: fc-loadtool -h c155 /dev/ttyXXX 3. Press the power button on the phone. A momentary press is sufficient and recommended: the hardware powers up and causes the boot code to run exactly the same whether the power button is pressed momentarily or held down. Normal phone power-up requires the button to be held down because the standard firmware does a check fairly late in the boot process to see if the power button is still held down, and commands the hardware (the ABB) to power off if it is not - it is a standard feature to prevent phones from turning themselves on inadvertently from accidental momentary presses of that button. But if the goal is to cause the boot code to run, but not to boot the regular fw all the way, a momentary press is ideal. If your phone has a bootloader without the malicious lock in it, the above procedure should result in fc-loadtool gaining full access to the target and landing you at a loadtool> prompt. You can dump the flash content and analyse it, etc. If you would like to change to a different fw version (to remove the SIM lock / carrier branding or for any other reason), see the corresponding later section of this article. Alternative method ================== If the above procedure fails to gain access to the Calypso because the boot code in the phone never offers a serial download opportunity, the alternate break-in method should be tried, going through the full running firmware instead of just the bootloader part thereof. Proceed as follows: 1. Remove the SIM (if there was one to begin with) and put the charged battery back in. Charge the battery if necessary, using the standard charging function of the existing fw. 2. Power the phone up for normal boot: hold the power button down like a regular user would, without fc-loadtool or other serial break-in tools. The fw will boot up, notice the lack of a SIM, and the display will read "SIM card absent" or something to that effect, depending on the fw version. 3. Key in this magic sequence: **16379#. A hidden "Trace Switch" menu should appear, with the choices being "Trace On" and "Earphone". Select "Trace On". The electrically controlled hardware switch mentioned earlier in this article should now be set back to the UART, bringing the latter out to the headset jack. Because Mot/Compal's firmware is based on TI's reference architecture, the interface presented by the running fw on this serial port is TI's RVTMUX, albeit at 57600 baud instead of TI's default of 115200. 4. Connect the headset jack serial cable if it wasn't already connected, and run this FreeCalypso utility: tfc139 /dev/ttyXXX (The name tfc139 is historical; the current version is expected to work with all Mot C1xx firmwares.) Compal's TI-based firmware implements some of TI's Test Mode commands, and one of these commands is a raw memory write. It also implements some of TI's GPF "system primitive" commands, including the MEMCHECK command that causes the firmware to report some info on all running GPF tasks, including the location of each task's stack. Our tfc139 utility will try to break into the phone (gain code execution access) by querying the target fw for the location of the L1A task's stack, and then using Test Mode memory write commands to write a piece of shellcode into an unused RAM location and to make this code execute by overwriting a function return address on the stack of the L1A task that processes these Test Mode commands. If the stack smashing hack succeeds, the shellcode injected by tfc139 will send a message out the serial port indicating this success, and then re-enable the Calypso boot ROM and jump to it. Once the boot ROM code gains control, it will wait forever for a serial code download following its standard protocol. If tfc139 gets the success indication from the target, it will announce this success and direct you to run: fc-loadtool -h compal -c none /dev/ttyXXX Do as it says. The -c none option tells fc-loadtool to skip compalstage and proceed directly to feeding loadagent to the Calypso boot ROM. You should now be in full control of the phone via fc-loadtool. There is one additional quirk worth mentioning. It appears that Mot/Compal's main fw keeps resetting the RTC alarm registers in the Calypso DBB as it runs, always keeping the alarm time in the near future relative to the current time. When one breaks into this firmware with tfc139 and takes over the control of the device with fc-loadtool, this alarm time will almost certainly be reached, and the RTC alarm will go off. This alarm has no effect on loadtool operation (i.e., it cannot reset the CPU or otherwise wrestle control away from loadtool, so it doesn't add any bricking risk), but it has one quite surprising effect upon exit, i.e., when you are done with your loadtool session and give it the exit command. Loadtool's configured default exit action for this target is to send a power-off command to the Iota ABB, leaving the device cleanly powered off. However, if the RTC alarm has gone off previously during the session, the ABB will instantly power the phone back on, and put it through a new boot cycle. The firmware handles this special form of boot rather oddly: it proceeds to the same end state it would have reached via a normal power button hold-down boot (powered on with the "Insert SIM" message on the LCD), but it reaches this state almost instantly, without going through the power-on LCD logo and buzz phase. Odd, but harmless. This explanation has been included to save other hackers the hours of bewildered head-scratching I spent chasing this quirk down. Dumping and reloading flash =========================== Once you break in with fc-loadtool (either through the bootloader or through tfc139), the first step you should do is make a dump (backup) of the flash: loadtool> flash dump2bin flashdump.bin Before you do any flash write (erase or program) operations, please realise that these phones are brickable. Because the Calypso boot ROM is disabled at the board level (Calypso DBB's nIBOOT configuration input is tied high directly underneath the BGA package!), when the phone powers up, the ARM7 core starts executing instructions directly out of the flash, from address 0. Therefore, flash sector 0 must contain good working boot code (one that allows serial code download access for recovery) at all times. If you erase this sector or fill it with some garbage (anything other than good working boot code) and then power the phone off or otherwise lose control of it, the phone will be unrecoverably bricked! On most C1xx models there seems to be no way to access the Calypso's JTAG signals, hence no possibility of using JTAG to unbrick a bricked phone. And because the flash chip is a micro-BGA, it is quite unlikely that one could successfully desolder it, program it in a standalone flash chip programmer, and then put it back on the board. Thus if you brick your C1xx phone, then most likely it is truly toast. You've been warned! That being said, if your phone came with a maliciously locked bootloader, such that you had to use tfc139 to break in, then replacing that bootloader with a non-malware version is pretty much a necessity, and taking the chance of bricking the phone becomes a necessary risk. Even if the bootloader version in your C1xx is free of the locking malfeature, if you need to reflash the main fw to a different version, one still needs to erase and reprogram the dangerous sector: on C11x/123 and C139/140 the main fw image starts at 0x2000, but the erase block boundary doesn't come until 0x10000. The good news, however, is that fc-loadtool has special support for rewriting the boot sector on Compal phones with minimal risk of bricking. The command is: flash erase-program-boot binfile [length] The first argument is the name of the file (in straight binary format) containing the new boot code; the second argument (always interpreted as hex) is the number of bytes to program, always starting at 0. If only one argument is given, the length of the file is used instead, which must not exceed the length of flash sector 0: 64 KiB on C11x/123 and C139/140, or 8 KiB on C155/156. This special command minimizes the bricking vulnerability window by loading the entirety of the new boot code to be programmed into a scratchpad RAM buffer on the target first (no problem because it's 64 KiB max), then commanding loadagent (the code that actually runs on the Calypso when you use fc-loadtool) to perform the "atomic" operation of erasing flash sector 0, then immediately reprogramming it with the bits that are already in scratchpad RAM on the phone. With this approach the phone will only be bricked if the battery dies or is physically yanked out of the phone in the time window between the beginning of the erase operation and the last critical bit of the new boot code being programmed - on the order of a second or two, or if the flash operations fail for some reason. However, the phone will *not* be bricked with this approach if the serial connection between fc-loadtool or the target gets broken during the window in question, or if the host machine running fc-loadtool crashes: no flash operations start until loadtool gives the go-ahead command to loadagent, and once loadagent receives the latter command, it will proceed till completion without caring if loadtool is still there or not. Of course the conventional flash erase and flash program-bin commands will be happy to operate on flash sector 0 just like any other sector, but doing so is NOT recommended, as the window of vulnerability for bricking would then be considerably greater. Unlocked firmware for C139 ========================== If your phone is a North American (1900+850 MHz) C139, and you are reading this article because it came with Cingular or TracFone branding, whereas you would like to use it with SIMs and networks of your own choosing instead, you've come to the right place. We have an unlocked and non-carrier-branded (Mot branding only) version of the fw that runs on these phones, and you can use FreeCalypso loadtools to flash this version into your C139 whether it came with Cingular or TF branding originally. Download this file: ftp.freecalypso.org:/pub/GSM/Compal/c139-unlocked-fw.zip Unzip it, and you'll get c139-unlocked-fw.bin - that is the image you'll need to flash into your phone. Get in with fc-loadtool (using tfc139 if necessary for bootloader-locked phones) and make a backup of the original flash content. Then reflash the firmware as follows: flash erase-program-boot c139-unlocked-fw.bin 2000 flash erase 10000 360000 flash program-bin 2000 c139-unlocked-fw.bin 2000 The 3 commands given above will reflash the phone as follows: * The first 0x2000 bytes of the firmware image in c139-unlocked-fw.bin comprise the boot code. This fw version features the "good" boot code *without* the access locking malfeature. The erase-program-boot command will erase flash sector 0 (the entire 64 KiB sector, as the physics of the flash chip dictates) and then immediately reprogram its first 8 KiB with the "good" boot code from the unlocked fw image file. The remaining 56 KiB of this sector will be blank after this step. * The following "regular" flash erase command is to erase the following 54 sectors (also of 64 KiB each) in preparation for programming the main fw image in there. * The last command programs the bulk of the fw image into blank flash that has been erased by the first two commands. I also recommend erasing the old FFS that was maintained by the old fw version, so that the new fw will automatically format a "virgin" FFS the first time it boots: flash erase 370000 50000 After this procedure the phone should retain its original IMEI and factory RF calibration values, as these are stored in the 8 KiB sector at 0x3FC000 which is not touched per the above procedure - not in the FFS. The same procedure should be followed for flashing all firmwares for C11x/123 and C139/140 phones. In the case of C11x/123, adjust the length for the "main" erase and program operations appropriately for the flash configuration in your phone. Flashing newer firmware versions ================================ The flashing procedure given above, where the first 0x2000 bytes of the new fw image (the bootloader part) are written with the flash erase-program-boot command and the regular flash program-bin command writes everything from 0x2000 onward, is only correct for older firmware versions whose bootloader portion is completely free from the access locking malfeature: not only unlocked, but with no provision for locking at all. In these older fw versions the boot code is fully contained in the first 0x2000 bytes and nothing from 0x2000 onward affects the ability to perform a new serial boot, hence the bricking vulnerability window ends at 0x2000. However, this flashing procedure should NOT be used for newer fw versions that have the provision for locking the bootloader - it's the provision that matters in this case, even if the lock hasn't been activated - if you flash one of these newer fw versions as above, you will risk bricking your phone! If you need to flash one of the newer fw versions that includes the bootloader lock provision, you need to take some additional precautionary steps: 1. Examine the fw image you wish to flash with a hex dump viewer. Look starting at offset 0x2000. You should see 3 identifying ASCII strings: one right at 0x2000, another at 0x2020 and one more at 0x2040. Then look at 4 bytes at offset 0x2060. If they contain 0xFFFFFFFF (blank flash) like the surrounding unused bytes, then you have an older fw version without the bootloader lock provision - you can safely flash it as in the previous section. If it's a newer fw version with the bootloader lock provision, the word at 0x2060 will contain either 0x00000000 or 0xDDDDDDDD, corresponding to the activated (access disabled) and non-activated (access enabled) states of the lock, respectively. 2. If the fw image you wish to flash has 0x00000000 at 0x2060, you must patch it to 0xDDDDDDDD with a hex editor before flashing. Just because our tfc139 utility can recover phones with maliciously locked bootloaders does NOT mean that you should *ever* deliberately flash such a bootloader-locked fw image into your phone! Recovery of locked phones via tfc139 depends on the complete fw image being present and working, not just the bootloader part, hence if you were to flash an image that has a lockable bootloader with the lock activated, the bricking vulnerability window will extend until the *entire* fw image has been programmed - far too dangerous. 3. When flashing the image with fc-loadtool, use a slightly different command sequence compared to the previous section: flash erase-program-boot new-fw-image.bin 10000 flash erase 10000 360000 flash program-bin 10000 new-fw-image.bin 10000 360000 The difference is that the boundary between the part handled with flash erase-program-boot and the part handled with flash program-bin has been moved from 0x2000 to 0x10000. Because the word at 0x2060 is part of the bricking vulnerability window with these newer fw versions, one should rewrite the entire boot sector of the flash (including the beginning of the main fw image) with flash erase-program-boot for safety. Unlocking while keeping the same fw version =========================================== Suppose you have a phone with a locked bootloader such that you had to break in with tfc139, you would like to unlock it so you can use RAM-based (non-flash) tools such as c139explore or OsmocomBB with it, but you have no particular need to change the main fw from the original version to a different one. If you need to perform such a cisversion unlock, you can do it as follows: 1. Break in with tfc139; 2. Use fc-loadtool's flash dump2bin command to save the first 64 KiB sector of the flash to a file; 3. Using a hex editor, patch the word at 0x2060 from 0x00000000 to 0xDDDDDDDD; 4. Use fc-loadtool's flash erase-program-boot command to flash the patched (unlocked) boot sector back into the phone. C155/156 differences ==================== C155/156 phones are nicer than the others in that they use a flash chip with a "bottom boot" configuration. C11x/123 and C139/140 use "top boot" flash chips, which is why the boot code and the first 56 KiB of the main fw image live in the same erase block on those phones. The boot code and the control hand-off interface between it and the main fw have also been revamped in C155/156 fw, and the new structure is: 8 KiB sector at 0: contains the boot code 7 more 8 KiB sectors starting at 0x2000: blank and unused 64 KiB sector at 0x10000: also blank and unused 64 KiB sector at 0x20000: beginning of main fw image With this new flash layout, it is now possible to erase and program the main fw region starting at 0x20000 without ever erasing the boot code sector or doing any writes to it, so there is no bricking vulnerability window at all. (The phone can still be bricked though if one types the wrong command and erases the boot sector inadvertently, so be careful.) So far the only phones in this family that I laid my hacking hands on have been North American C156 units, all from the same seller and batch (hence identical), so I don't know if there exist any maliciously-locked boot code versions in this family - the boot code in my C156 is free of any malfeatures. But if "bad" versions of C155/156 boot code do exist, and if you can break into the phone somehow, you can use the flash erase-program-boot command to rewrite the boot code with minimal risk of bricking just like on the other Compal families.