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Port-numbers: initial tentative assignments
author Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
date Wed, 27 Dec 2023 20:58:19 +0000
parents 6da76097c86e
children
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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1 North American Numbering Plan (NANP) specifics in ThemWi system sw
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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2 ==================================================================
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3
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4 Themyscira Wireless system software, as currently written, is strongly tied to
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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5 NANP. More precisely, it thoroughly assumes that all local phone numbers are
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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6 in +1 country code and follow NANP rules, and that all E.164 telephone numbers
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7 in country codes other than +1 are foreign - numbers which we can call and
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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8 receive calls from, but which can never be local to us.
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9
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10 Why does our software need to have these assumptions baked into it, why can't
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11 it be country-agnostic? The present article answers this question, and this
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12 long answer needs to be thoroughly understood before there can be any meaningful
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13 discussion of how the software could possibly be adapted to other countries and
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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14 their respective telephone numbering plans.
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15
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16 In principle, there exists a standardized dialing format on all GSM phones that
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17 remains the same no matter which country you happen to be in. If you always
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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18 enter phone numbers (dialing, SMS manual entry, phone book entries) in full
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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19 international format beginning with the '+' symbol (press and hold the '0'
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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20 button before the number in most phone UIs), the phone handset firmware will
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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21 capture the number with TON=1, NPI=1 attributes (signifying international number
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22 format in GSM call control and SMS protocols) and transmit it as such to the
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23 GSM network. Every properly designed GSM network, upon seeing a number with
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24 these TON=1, NPI=1 attributes, must address the call or message to the country
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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25 indicated by the country code at the beginning of the full E.164 number, whether
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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26 that country is your local one or some other. Thus if everyone were to always
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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27 use only full E.164 numbers in full international format, network software could
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28 hypothetically be written in a country-agnostic way, treating full E.164 phone
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29 numbers as opaque strings without parsing. However, there are two practical
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30 problems with such country-agnostic approach:
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31
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32 1) Most human users of mobile phones dial local phone numbers (within their own
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33 country) in a way that follows local dialing conventions, rather than in
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34 international format beginning with '+' and their own country code. For
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35 example, in USA a given 10-digit NANP phone number can be dialed as just the
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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36 10 digits NPANXXXXXX, as 11-digit 1NPANXXXXXX, or as full international
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37 +1NPANXXXXXX - and a proper cellphone network MUST accept all 3 formats as
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38 equivalent.
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39
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40 2) As explained further in this article, a network implementation must be able
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41 to look at a telephone number and immediately tell if that number is locally
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42 owned ("one of ours") or belongs somewhere outside of the local GSM network.
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43 Practical implementation of this distinction requires a database of locally
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44 owned phone numbers, and the implementation of that database in turn becomes
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45 much easier when the local numbering plan is known and fixed.
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46
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47 Supported dialing formats in ThemWi
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48 ===================================
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49
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50 When themwi-mncc processes a mobile-originated (MO) call from a GSM subscriber,
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51 it supports dialing the following classes of numbers:
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52
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53 * NANP numbers in any of the 3 standard dialing formats;
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54
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55 * International numbers in any country - an international number beginning
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56 with +1 is enforced to be valid NANP, but E.164 numbers in all other country
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57 codes are accepted as-is;
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58
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59 * Local 4-digit numbers described in Local-short-numbers article;
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60
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61 * Whatever special numbers are configured in themwi-sip-out, such as 511 and
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62 911.
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63
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64 Only NANP numbers and specially configured 4-digit numbers (see
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65 Local-short-numbers) can be local - all E.164 numbers in non-NANP country codes
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66 are sent to the outbound call gateway, and all other unrecognized number formats
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67 are likewise sent to themwi-sip-out so that the latter process can catch and map
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68 special numbers like 511, 911 etc.
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69
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70 If a dialed number is recognized as NANP, themwi-mncc looks in the database of
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71 locally owned numbers to see if the dialed number is one of ours - and the
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72 outcome of this look-up determines if the call is handled locally or sent to
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73 the outside world via themwi-sip-out.
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74
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75 No 7-digit dialing support
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76 ==========================
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77
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78 In the olden days of land lines, most localities in USA supported 7-digit
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79 dialing: to call Jenny, you would merely dial her local 7-digit number 867-5309,
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80 without needing to dial the local area code; full 10-digit numbers (or 11 digits
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81 with leading '1') had to be dialed only when calling someone in a different
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82 area code from your own. However, this 7-digit dialing has now been disabled
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83 even for land lines in most localities, including the locality where ThemWi
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84 currently operates: per official rules, 7-digit dialing gets disabled (full
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85 10-digit numbers become mandatory) whenever an area code overlay is implemented,
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86 such as overlay of 760 and 442 area codes in our locality.
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87
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88 In the case of mobile phones, 7-digit dialing never made much sense to begin
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89 with: if you dial only 7 digits, should the implicit area code be taken from
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90 your own number, or should it be the area code of the locality you happen to be
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91 traveling through at the moment? The latter option is impossible in the case
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92 of localities with two or more overlaid NPA codes, and it appears that official
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93 rules once again call for simply disabling 7-digit dialing.
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94
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95 Based on these considerations, ThemWi system sw was written from the outset to
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96 not support 7-digit dialing - it is no longer relevant in the current state of
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97 telecom culture in USA. We do, however. provide optional support for
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98 abbreviated 4-digit local numbers - see Local-short-numbers article.
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99
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100 Database of locally owned numbers
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101 =================================
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102
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103 The telecom culture in USA features full number portability - end users can take
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104 their phone numbers with them anywhere, from one telecom provider to another,
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105 and with mobile phones and VoIP services, from one geographic locality to any
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106 other, making the entire country effectively "flat" for local/non-local
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107 distinction purposes. Therefore, the set of phone numbers "owned" (or rented
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108 in reality) by a small network operator such as Themyscira Wireless does not
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109 constitute any kind of clean-cut digit range partition in the numbering plan -
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110 instead we can have a small set of locally owned numbers (say, on the order of
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111 5 to 20 individual numbers), and each of these locally owned numbers can fall
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112 anywhere in the whole nationwide 10-digit numbering plan. So how can we tell,
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113 by looking at an arbitrary NANP number, whether it is "one of ours" or not?
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114
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115 The implemented solution is an explicitly maintained database of locally owned
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116 phone numbers, described in detail in Number-database article. The format of
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117 this database (the way numbers are entered, the way the input format is parsed,
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118 and the compiled binary format used for fast look-ups) is specific to NANP -
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119 only NANP numbers can be local in the present design.
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120
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121 Porting to other national telephone numbering plans
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122 ===================================================
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123
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124 If someone wishes to port ThemWi system sw for use in other countries with
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125 respective local phone numbers, the following aspects will need to be changed:
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126
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127 * Based on the structure of your country's national numbering plan, you will
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128 need to come up with an appropriate local number database format for your
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129 country, or if the range of numbers belonging to your GSM network forms a
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130 clean-cut digit range partition, implement that scheme instead.
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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131
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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132 * You will need to modify MO call handling to recognize your country code
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133 (rather than +1) as the one calling for parsing and closer scrutiny of the
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134 dialed number, determining if it is local or not.
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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135
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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136 * Handling of non-international dialing formats (numbers dialed without '+')
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parents:
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137 will need to be changed to whatever is appropriate for your country's telecom
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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138 culture and customs.
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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139
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140 * Handle all secondary fallout (throughout the code base) from the previous
6da76097c86e initial import from old themwi-system-sw repository
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
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141 essential and necessary changes.
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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142
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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143 Using fake NANP numbers
6da76097c86e initial import from old themwi-system-sw repository
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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144 =======================
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145
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146 If someone outside of North America wishes to merely play with ThemWi system sw
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parents:
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147 on a casual basis, without actually interconnecting to your non-USA PSTN with
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
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148 non-NANP real phone numbers, the easiest way to bring the software up is to use
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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149 fake NANP numbers. There are two types of guaranteed-fake (can't collide with
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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150 real ones) phone numbers in NANP:
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151
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152 1) NPA-555-01XX, where NPA is some real area code for some (any) actual locality
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153 in USA and XX can be any two digits. This number range is specifically set
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154 aside for use in movies etc, with realistic USA settings - the area code can
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parents:
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155 be any real one, but 555-01XX numbers are reserved for fake use in every
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
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156 area code.
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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157
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158 2) Fake area codes of form N9X (290-299, 390-399, ..., 990-999) are also good
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parents:
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159 for guaranteed-fake numbers as the middle digit of NPA is not allowed to be
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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160 '9' per official NANP rules. This method allows large ranges of fake NANP
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
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161 numbers.
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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162
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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163 See Fake-NANP-numbers article for more info.