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doc/C1xx-flashing: article written
author Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
date Sun, 11 Jun 2023 09:55:27 +0000
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children b71216a5f3c3
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2df287f4722c doc/C1xx-flashing: article written
Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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1 Whether you are interested in FreeCalypso VPM firmware (the main use case for
2df287f4722c doc/C1xx-flashing: article written
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2 FC aftermarket fw that has actual utility value for GSM network testing etc) or
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3 the UI-enabled FC firmware for Mot C139 that is currently just a preview (and
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4 is not expected to advance to actual usability any time soon), either way these
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5 firmwares need to be flashed. All FC firmware offerings for Mot C1xx have
2df287f4722c doc/C1xx-flashing: article written
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6 always required flashing, and various instructions have been published in the
2df287f4722c doc/C1xx-flashing: article written
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7 past. However, old FC-on-C1xx flashing instructions should not be used with
2df287f4722c doc/C1xx-flashing: article written
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8 current firmware versions, because of these new developments:
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9
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10 * Our current fw relies even more than it did before on having certain files in
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
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11 FFS, hence populating the flash with not only the fw image, but also the FFS
2df287f4722c doc/C1xx-flashing: article written
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12 content it needs has become more important than ever before.
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13
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14 * For FC-on-C1xx configurations with 4 MiB flash, including the most important
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15 case of C139, the FFS location changed from the old one in Magnetite and
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16 Selenite to a new one in Tourmaline. Therefore, old FFS instructions have to
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17 be invalidated.
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18
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19 The present fc-am-toolkit package provides a new way to flash FC firmware images
2df287f4722c doc/C1xx-flashing: article written
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20 and initialize their associated FFS in one go, and this document provides
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21 instructions.
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22
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23 Step 1: install software on your host machine
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24 =============================================
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25
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26 The host machine (PC or laptop) which you are going to use to drive the phone
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27 flashing process will need to have the following FreeCalypso software packages
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28 installed on it:
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29
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30 1) FC host tools base package:
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31
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32 ftp://ftp.freecalypso.org/pub/GSM/FreeCalypso/fc-host-tools-latest.tar.bz2
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33
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34 2) FFS data bundle add-on:
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35
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36 ftp://ftp.freecalypso.org/pub/GSM/FreeCalypso/ffs-data-bundle-latest.tar.bz2
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37
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38 3) The present fc-am-toolkit package.
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39
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40 All 3 packages install all of their files under the /opt/freecalypso directory
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41 tree defined by the Mother, and you only need to do this host software
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42 installation once (or when updates come out), irrespective of how many phones
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43 of various kinds you are going to flash or otherwise work with.
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44
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45 Step 2: read and save your phone's current flash
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46 ================================================
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47
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48 You will need to create a dedicated project directory for each individual phone
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49 you are going to reflash to FreeCalypso, or on which you may contemplate the
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50 possibility of such reflashing. This per-phone project directory will contain
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51 a record of the phone's IMEI, a dump (backup) of the original flash content,
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52 bits of data extracted from that flash dump with tools in the present package,
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53 generated command scripts for flashing FC firmware and for restoring the
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54 original flash, and some other script-generated files - read the shell script
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55 code if you want to know the full details.
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56
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57 In previous instructions I advised users to name this per-phone project
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58 directory after the IMEI, i.e., to use the IMEI as the directory name. I no
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59 longer recommend that approach, and it no longer makes sense with the current
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60 fc-am-toolkit design as the IMEI will be stored in a text file inside the
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61 per-phone project directory, rather than in the directory name. So please name
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62 your project directories in whatever way makes sense for your situation.
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63
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64 Once you have created your per-phone project directory, please cd into it, and
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65 with that directory as current, run fc-loadtool as appropriate for your C1xx
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66 phone model:
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67
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68 fc-loadtool -h compal /dev/ttyXXX -- for C11x/12x
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69 fc-loadtool -h compal -c 1004 /dev/ttyXXX -- for C139/140
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70 fc-loadtool -h c155 /dev/ttyXXX -- for C155/156
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71
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72 These simple instructions are valid for C1xx phones with unlocked bootloaders.
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73 If your bootloader is locked, you will need to break in with tfc139 instead.
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74 There are other documentation articles in FreeCalypso that describe tfc139
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75 break-in method.
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76
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77 These instructions also assume that you already know how to operate fc-loadtool
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78 on a basic level. If not, here is a basic summary: to make an entry with
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79 fc-loadtool, you need to start with the phone turned off - but the battery
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80 needs to be inserted, and preferably have a full charge. You need to run the
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81 fc-loadtool command shown above (change /dev/ttyXXX to the correct serial or
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82 USB-serial device in your setup) with the cable connected between your PC/laptop
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83 and your phone's headset jack _and with the phone turned off_. When you run
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84 fc-loadtool in this state, it will sit there, waiting for PROMPT1 from the
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85 phone's bootloader. Once fc-loadtool is running in that state and the cable is
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86 correctly inserted on the phone end, press the red power button on the phone -
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87 a momentary press is sufficient and recommended.
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88
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89 Once you have landed at the loadtool> prompt, make a dump of your flash as
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90 follows:
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91
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92 loadtool> flash dump2bin flashdump.bin
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93
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94 The dump file needs to be named flashdump.bin - at least in the case of C11x/12x
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95 subfamily, there is one script in the fc-am-toolkit shell script hierarchy that
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96 looks for this original flash image under this specific name.
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97
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98 Once the flash dump operation finishes, issue this additional command:
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99
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100 loadtool> flash compal-imei IMEI
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101
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102 This command tells fc-loadtool to retrieve the phone's factory IMEI from OTP
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103 cells (the flash chip's OTP protection register) and save it into a text file
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104 named "IMEI". The file name is important - scripts that follow will look for
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105 the IMEI in the file with this name.
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106
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107 IMEI retrieval needs to be done with this extra command because of the location
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108 where this factory datum is stored. On Compal phones the factory IMEI is not
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109 stored anywhere at all in the flash image (in the main byte array held by the
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110 flash memory chip), instead it is stored in an out-of-band location (OTP cells,
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111 meaning physically immutable once written) in the flash chip's protection
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112 register. Therefore, this factory IMEI cannot be extracted from a captured
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113 flash image - instead it needs to be read in a separate explicit step and saved
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114 alongside the flash image.
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115
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116 Once you have captured both flashdump.bin and IMEI, close your fc-loadtool
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117 session by issuing an "exit" command at the loadtool> prompt. The phone will
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118 return to its powered-off state.
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119
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120 Step 3: analyze the flash image you just captured
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121 =================================================
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122
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123 Run this command:
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124
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125 c1xx-analyze-image flashdump.bin
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126
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127 This command runs a shell script, which then invokes several different programs
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128 that analyze various aspects of the flash image. Your current directory when
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129 running the above script command needs to be the per-phone project directory,
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130 and the script will create the following items:
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131
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132 * A subdirectory named rfasc will contain extracted RF calibration values in
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133 FreeCalypso RF table ASCII format, which is both human- and machine-readable.
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134 This directory is not used by any subsequent fc-am-toolkit scripts, but if
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135 you have the mind of an engineer, you may find its content interesting.
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136
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137 * Another subdirectory named rfbin will contain the same data as rfasc, but in
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138 the firmware's internal binary format. This subdir will be used by subsequent
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139 scripts.
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140
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141 * A text file named restore-flash will contain a generated command script for
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142 fc-loadtool - executing this script will restore the flash image in
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143 flashdump.bin back into your phone's flash, i.e., restore your phone back to
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144 its original state after playing with FreeCalypso.
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145
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146 Step 4: prepare FC firmware flashing command script
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147 ===================================================
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148
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149 This step is the first one where you need the FC firmware image you seek to
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150 flash - previous steps didn't need one. You can flash a firmware image which
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151 you compiled yourself from source, or an official build you downloaded as part
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152 of a tarball release - either way, you need the fwimage.bin file that
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153 corresponds to your hardware model (c11x, c139 or c155) and your desired
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154 functional configuration as in VPM or UI preview firmware.
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155
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156 VERY IMPORTANT: You need to be very certain of which C1xx subfamily your phone
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157 belongs to; the 3 subfamilies known to us are C11x/12x, C139/140 and C155/156.
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158 Firmware images are NOT interchangeable between these 3 hw subfamilies! C11x
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159 and C139 are distinguished by their LCD type (monochrome on C11x, color on
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160 C139); C155/156 have a distinct visual appearance, but they also have 8 MiB
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161 flash which no other subfamily in this set uses, and our c1xx-analyze-image
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162 script looks at the image size. Verbose notes printed by that script should
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163 agree with your own knowledge of which phone subfamily you are working with -
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164 if there is a discrepancy, STOP RIGHT HERE and ask for expert help.
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165
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166 Once you have confirmed your phone model/subfamily and selected the firmware
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167 image you are going to flash, execute one of the following shell scripts:
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168
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169 c11x-gen-fc-script path/to/fwimage.bin
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170 c139-gen-fc-script path/to/fwimage.bin
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171 c155-gen-fc-script path/to/fwimage.bin
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172
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173 Each script variant works the same way for its respective C1xx subfamily, and
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174 all have the same invokation rules: the current directory needs to be your
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175 per-phone project directory containing flashdump.bin and IMEI files and the
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176 rfbin subdirectory produced in steps 2 and 3, and the script adds to this
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177 project directory.
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178
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179 The main result of executing the script command above will be a text file named
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180 fc-flash-script; this text file is a command script for fc-loadtool that
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181 reflashes your phone to the FreeCalypso fw image you have selected. The fw
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182 image pathname you gave to {c11x,c139,c155}-gen-fc-script will be contained
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183 inside the generated fc-flash-script - but in addition to referencing that fw
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184 image, the generated loadtool command script also contains instructions for
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185 programming fc-ffs.bin into the phone along with the firmware. This fc-ffs.bin
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186 image is also generated by the shell script you just ran, and it is specific to
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187 your individual phone: your IMEI and extracted RF calibration values go into it.
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188
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189 Step 5: actually flash your phone
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190 =================================
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191
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192 This step is the actual surgery - all previous steps merely manipulated data in
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193 files in your project directory on your host machine. To perform the flashing
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194 surgery, do the following:
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195
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196 * Using the phone's original firmware as the charging agent (the thing you plug
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197 in is not the charger, it is the charging power source; the charger circuit
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198 is inside the phone, and the firmware is the entity that controls the flow of
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diff changeset
199 current from the charging power source into the battery), make sure that your
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diff changeset
200 battery is fully charged. The flashing process does not require a ton of
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201 battery power, but the last thing you want is to have your battery run out
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diff changeset
202 while you are in the middle of the flashing operation.
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diff changeset
203
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204 * Make entry with fc-loadtool just like you did in step 2, when you made a dump
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diff changeset
205 of the original flash content.
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diff changeset
206
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207 * Once you are at the loadtool> prompt, issue this command:
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208
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209 exec fc-flash-script
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210
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211 In this step you are basically telling fc-loadtool to execute the command script
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212 that was prepared in step 4. This script performs all necessary flash erasure
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diff changeset
213 and programming operations - having a previously prepared script do everything
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diff changeset
214 in one go greatly reduced the chances of leaving your phone in an invalid
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diff changeset
215 partially flashed state due to operator distraction or other human errors.
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diff changeset
216 Once the flashing script finishes executing, exit loadtool and your phone will
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diff changeset
217 power off. Next time this reflashed phone executes hardware switch-on (power
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diff changeset
218 button press or charging power plug-in while off), your firmware will boot!
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219
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220 Restoring the original firmware and full flash content
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221 ======================================================
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222
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223 To restore the flash to its original state, do the same procedure as above, but
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224 run 'exec restore-flash' instead of 'exec fc-flash-script' - just execute a
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diff changeset
225 different flashing command script.
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226
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227 IMPORTANT NOTE: Do NOT attempt to transplant complete flash images (not just
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228 the firmware portion, but the whole thing) from one phone to another! For
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diff changeset
229 maximal restorative power, the loadtool command script generated by
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230 c1xx-analyze-image (named restore-flash) restores the entire flash image, every
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diff changeset
231 bit without exceptions - but this quality also makes the {flashdump.bin +
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232 restore-flash script} package non-transplantable, i.e., it should NOT be
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diff changeset
233 programmed into a different phone. Each individual phone has its own unique RF
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diff changeset
234 calibration values and other factory tunings, stored in small sectors at the end
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diff changeset
235 of the flash (after the firmware), and these bits should never be mindlessly
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diff changeset
236 transplanted from one phone to another.
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diff changeset
237
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238 The firmware portion (part of the flash up to a certain model-dependent offset)
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239 CAN be transplanted from one phone to another, and such copying of certain
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diff changeset
240 "good" official Motorola fw versions is often quite useful - but such procedures
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diff changeset
241 are a different topic from what the present document is addressing, which is
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diff changeset
242 providing less expert users with a fool-proof way to play with FreeCalypso fw
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diff changeset
243 and then restore their phones to the original state.
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diff changeset
244
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diff changeset
245 Flash process interruptions and recovery
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diff changeset
246 ========================================
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diff changeset
247
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248 All C1xx phones are brickable: if you give wrong flash write commands to
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diff changeset
249 fc-loadtool, it is quite easy to brick the phone's boot sector beyond recovery.
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diff changeset
250 As a departure from previous FreeCalypso flashing instructions, in the present
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251 flow you never enter any flash commands manually in loadtool - instead you
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diff changeset
252 execute a loadtool command script that was generated by official shell scripts
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diff changeset
253 in the present package.
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diff changeset
254
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diff changeset
255 Because the boot sector still needs to be rewritten (the command that does so
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diff changeset
256 is part of the generated fc-flash-script and restore-flash scripts), a very
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diff changeset
257 small bricking vulnerability window still exists - but this window is on the
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258 order of a few tens of milliseconds. Furthermore, in order for the phone to
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259 get bricked, the unfortunate event happening in that short vulnerability window
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260 would have to be someone physically yanking the battery out of the phone at
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261 that exact moment, or the battery running out or falling out, again at that
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262 exact moment in a time window that spans maybe 100 ms at the most. There is
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263 absolutely NO bricking vulnerability window in terms of the serial cable
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264 disconnecting or the host machine crashing - those events can happen at any
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265 moment in time and do NOT create bricking danger.
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266
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267 However, if the flashing process as a whole (on the order of a few minutes if
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268 you are using "slow" 115200 baud rate) gets interrupted for whatever reason,
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269 you will get a partially flashed phone, which may at first glance appear to be
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270 bricked. But as long as the boot sector is good - and it will be good if you
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271 haven't hit the worst-case scenario as above - you can still recover. To
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272 recover from a flashing process that got interrupted in the middle, follow this
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273 sequence:
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274
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275 * Return the phone to its powered-off state by removing and reinserting the
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276 battery. Very important: do NOT press the power button or plug in charging
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277 power after reinserting battery until instructed to do so below; if you mess
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278 up, remove the battery again, reinsert it, and be careful this time to NOT
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279 press the power button prematurely.
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280
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281 * With the phone off and the battery freshly removed and reinserted, connect
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282 the headset jack serial cable and run fc-loadtool with the right arguments.
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283
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284 * Momentarily press the power button.
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285
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286 fc-loadtool should now make its entry and land you at the loadtool> prompt.
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287 At this point you re-issue the 'exec fc-flash-script' or 'exec restore-flash'
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288 command as per the direction of desired transition, and hopefully complete this
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289 time.
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290
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291 Battery charging
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292 ================
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293
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294 If your phone happens to be in the messed-up state caused by interrupted
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295 flashing, charging will not work in this state: you can only use whatever power
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296 is left in the battery, or swap in another battery, perhaps charged in another
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297 phone. This consideration is the main reason why you should fully charge your
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298 battery before starting a firmware flashing operation. Don't ever plug the
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299 charging power source into a phone with (temporarily) messed-up firmware: it
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300 won't do any actual charging (which requires charging control managed by fw),
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parents:
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301 but it will mess up your ability to make fc-loadtool entry for recovery.
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302
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303 One of the benefits of the current flashing procedure, with the firmware and a
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304 fully prepared FFS image flashed in one go, is that once converted to
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305 FreeCalypso, the phone regains its charging ability right away. With previous
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parents:
diff changeset
306 instructions that called for flashing just the firmware and then formatting and
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diff changeset
307 initializing FFS with fc-fsio, there was a longer window in which the phone is
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parents:
diff changeset
308 not capable of charging its battery.
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309
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310 When the phone is in flashed FC firmware state, flashed correctly by following
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parents:
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311 the present instructions, it _is_ capable of charging: simply plug in charging
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312 power, and charging will proceed much like it does in standard phones. This
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parents:
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313 aspect holds for VPM firmwares too, not just the UI-enabled version - although
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parents:
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314 the only way to see the progress state of the charging process is by watching
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parents:
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315 the debug trace output or querying the firmware with AT%CBC (a private AT
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parents:
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316 command) and knowing how to interpret the cryptic result it returns.
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317
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318 A warning is needed, however: FC-fw-driven battery charging on C1xx phones is
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parents:
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319 not carefully tuned, and what our fw aims for as "full charge" may actually be
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parents:
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320 either an undercharge or an overcharge. Significant overcharge appears to be
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parents:
diff changeset
321 unlikely - the available evidence suggests that undercharge is a little more
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Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
parents:
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322 likely - but the possibility of overcharge (which is very bad for battery
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parents:
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323 health) cannot be ruled out. You've been warned!