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annotate doc/TIFFS-IVA-usage @ 922:3152e23399a2

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document SE K2x0 FFS quirks and our support for them
author Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
date Mon, 02 Jan 2023 00:50:19 +0000
parents d89b72f2181b
children 11391cb6bdc0
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1 The generic tiffs utility needs to be invoked as follows:
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3 tiffs [global-options] <imgfile> <org> <cmd> [command-args]
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5 The first 3 non-optional arguments are the filename of the TIFFS image under
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6 examination, the FFS organization being examined, and the operation to be
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7 performed. The present utility is designed in the classic Unix manner in that
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8 each invokation performs a single operation and exits, such that invokations of
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9 tiffs (or one of the wrappers described below) may be plumbed into pipes and
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10 the like.
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12 The 2nd argument to tiffs after the FFS image filename describes how the TIFFS
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13 instance under study is organized in terms of flash sectors. The syntax of
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14 this argument is KxN, where K is the flash sector size in KiB and N is the
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15 number of sectors occupied by the FFS. For MokoFFS images the correct
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16 organization argument is 64x7 (7 sectors of 64 KiB each), for Pirelli's FFS
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17 images it is 256x18 (18 sectors of 256 KiB each), for TIFFS images read out of
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18 Tango modules with S71PL064J flash it is 64x15 (15 sectors of 64 KiB each), and
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19 for TIFFS images read out of FreeCalypso development boards with S71PL129N flash
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20 it is 256x8 (8 sectors of 256 KiB each).
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22 The following global options may be given before the image filename argument:
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23
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24 -a num
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25
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26 Use the specified flash block (sector) as the inode array block.
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27
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28 -o offset
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30 The FFS image begins at the specified offset within the file, rather
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31 than at the beginning. This option is useful when working with complete
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32 device flash dumps of which FFS is only a part, starting somewhere
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33 other than at 0.
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34
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35 -O
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36
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37 The location field in the inode structure is 16 bits rather than 32,
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38 stored in the upper two bytes out of the four. This old FFS format
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39 (limited to 1 MiB total FFS size) was used by *very* old versions of
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40 TI's firmware and is incompatible with our "current" fw versions;
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41 so far the only encountered example of this old FFS format was found on
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42 the D-Sample board which the Mother scored in 2015 - it came with a
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43 firmware image dated 20020917.
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44
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45 -r ino
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46
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47 Use the specified inode as the root. Per the Mother's convention,
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48 TIFFS inode numbers are always given in hex, hence this argument is
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49 interpreted as hex without needing a 0x prefix.
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50
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51 The invokation syntax for mokoffs and pirffs wrappers is the same as for tiffs,
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52 except that the FFS organization argument (64x7 or 256x18) is omitted; the
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53 wrapper fills that argument in before passing the command to the main tiffs
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54 program. The only other difference is that instead of the generic -o global
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55 option, mokoffs takes a -f global option (no argument) which indicates that one
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56 is working with a complete flash dump image, rather than just the FFS portion;
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57 mokoffs -f gets translated into tiffs -o0x380000. (pirffs has no such option
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58 at all because Pirelli's FFS starts at offset 0 within its respective flash
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59 chip select.)
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60
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61 tiffs-8m is another similar wrapper; it is a more recent addition for working
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62 with TIFFS images from platforms like D-Sample and Tango that use TI's 8 MiB
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63 flash configuration. tiffs-8m strictly parallels mokoffs except than it is
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64 64x15 instead of 64x7, and -f turns into -o0x700000 instead of -o0x380000.
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65
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66 The next argument after the FFS organization for tiffs (or after the image
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67 filename for mokoffs, pirffs or tiffs-8m) is the command (or operation) to be
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68 performed. The following tiffs commands are currently available:
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69
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70 General information commands
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71 ============================
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72
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73 These commands display general or summary information about the FFS image:
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74
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75 tiffs <...> blkhdr
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76
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77 This command displays the basic information contained in the header of each
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78 flash erase block comprising the FFS image.
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79
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80 tiffs <...> fsinfo
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81
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82 This command displays some general information about the file system.
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83
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84 Standard listing/extraction commands
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85 ====================================
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86
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87 These commands list or extract the normally-visible content of the FFS, i.e.,
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88 the content which is visible when the FFS is "mounted" normally, and which the
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89 FFS promises to preserve - as opposed to deleted or overwritten content.
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90
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91 tiffs <...> ls [-v[v]] [pathname...]
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92
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93 Tiffs ls without additional arguments yields a listing of the complete FFS
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94 directory tree, akin to tar tv. Example output fragment:
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95
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96 fr 4096 /.journal
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97 d /gsm
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98 d /gsm/rf
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99 d /gsm/rf/tx
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100 f 512 /gsm/rf/tx/ramps.900
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101 f 128 /gsm/rf/tx/levels.900
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102 f 128 /gsm/rf/tx/calchan.900
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103
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104 The first character is 'f' for files or 'd' for directories. An 'r' following
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105 immediately afterward means that the object has the read-only attribute set.
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106 For files the listing includes the content size in bytes, and the last part is
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107 the pathname of the object within the FFS.
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108
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109 With a single -v option added after ls, the output will include verbose
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110 information as to the segmentation structure of each file. With two -v options
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111 or with -vv, this additional output will also include the byte offset of each
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112 data chunk, relative to the beginning of the FFS image.
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113
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114 Tiffs ls with a pathname argument yields information about the specified FFS
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115 object; -v and -vv options act as already described, but are arguably more
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116 useful when listing single files.
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117
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118 tiffs <...> cat [-v|-h] pathname
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119
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120 Just like the standard Unix cat(1) command, but cat'ing files from the FFS image
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121 under study. The non-standard -h option means hex dump - it is handy because
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122 almost all files in TI's GSM device FFS are binary, rather than ASCII.
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123
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124 tiffs <...> xtr dest-dir
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125
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126 This command extracts the complete content of the FFS into your ordinary Unix
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127 file system. The sole argument is the local directory into which the root of
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128 the GSM device FFS should be extracted.
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129
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130 tiffs <...> decode file-keyword [band]
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131
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132 For some files in TIFFS doing a hex dump with tiffs cat -h (see above) is
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133 sufficient for easily understanding the content of the file, but for other files
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134 such as RF parameter tables further developer-friendly decoding is greatly
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135 desirable. The generic solution is to extract the complete FFS content with
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136 tiffs xtr and then apply further tools for analysis, but this fully generic
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137 solution involves a lot of clutter. For some TIFFS files which often need to be
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138 looked at and for which tiffs cat -h is insufficient, tiffs decode offers a
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139 shorthand. The following files can be decoded in this way:
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140
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141 Command File being decoded
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142 ----------------------------------------------------------
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143 tiffs <...> decode adccal /sys/adccal
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144 tiffs <...> decode afcdac /gsm/rf/afcdac
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145 tiffs <...> decode afcparams /gsm/rf/afcparams
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146 tiffs <...> decode stdmap /gsm/rf/stdmap
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147 tiffs <...> decode tx-ramps <band> /gsm/rf/tx/ramps.<band>
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148 tiffs <...> decode tx-levels <band> /gsm/rf/tx/levels.<band>
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149 tiffs <...> decode tx-calchan <band> /gsm/rf/tx/calchan.<band>
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150 tiffs <...> decode tx-caltemp <band> /gsm/rf/tx/caltemp.<band>
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151 tiffs <...> decode rx-calchan <band> /gsm/rf/rx/calchan.<band>
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152 tiffs <...> decode rx-caltemp <band> /gsm/rf/rx/caltemp.<band>
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153 tiffs <...> decode rx-agcparams <band> /gsm/rf/rx/agcparams.<band>
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154 tiffs <...> decode pcm-IMEI /pcm/IMEI
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155
0
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156 Forensic analysis commands
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157 ==========================
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158
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159 Unlike the "standard" listing/extraction commands which present TIFFS as a
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160 "normal" Unix file system, using the "forensic" commands effectively requires
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161 that the operator understands how TIFFS works, in particular, what an inode is
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162 in TIFFS.
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163
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164 tiffs <...> lsino [-v[v]]
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165
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166 This command lists the FFS inode array from first to last; this listing order
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167 will normally correspond to the forward chronological order of object creation.
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168 -v and -vv options add verbosity.
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169
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170 '.' in the object type column means segment, '~' means a deleted object. The
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171 lsino command only lists the inode array, and does not try to recover the
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172 original type of deleted/overwritten objects from the journal or other clues.
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173 The program attempts to recover the pathname of each inode, but because such
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174 reverse mapping from inodes to pathnames is not an operation which TIFFS was
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175 properly designed to support, and the pathname recovery algorithm in this TIFFS
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176 IVA tool is made as generic as possible (doesn't look at the object types), the
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177 lsino listing will occasionally include some bogus pathnames. Once again, it
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178 is expected that the operator knows what s/he is doing when using these forensic
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179 commands.
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180
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181 tiffs <...> lsino [-v[v]] [-f] ino...
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182
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183 This command works just like ls with an explicit pathname argument, but takes
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184 one or more inode numbers instead. The -f option matters only if the requested
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185 inode is in the deleted/overwritten state; it tells the lsino command to assume
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186 that the object is/was the head inode of a file; -vf and -vvf combinations are
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187 particularly useful.
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188
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189 tiffs <...> catino [-v|-h] ino
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190
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191 Just like regular cat, but takes an inode number instead of a pathname. Can be
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192 used to cat the old content of deleted or overwritten files.
922
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193
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194 Support for SE K2x0 extended filenames
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195 ======================================
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196
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197 As explained in the SE-K2x0-FFS article, Sony Ericsson K200/220 phones use
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198 TIFFS as their flexible data storage mechanism, but they also made their own
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199 non-standard extension to TIFFS in terms of extended UCS-2 filenames.
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200
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201 In order to allow listing full FFS trees from SE K2x0 phones with tiffs ls and
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202 possibly also extracting them with tiffs xtr, we have made the following hackish
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203 extension to our TIFFS IVA: whenever either of these two commands encounters an
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204 "extended" filename (one which fails standard TIFFS filename validity checks but
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205 has a terminating NUL that allows the name and data portions of the chunk to be
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206 separated) in the visible tree walk, our tool replaces it (for the purpose of
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207 listed pathname generation or extraction into host file system) with a
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208 synthesized pseudonym of the form "!bogo%04x", where %04x is the FFS inode
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209 number in hex. In the case of tiffs ls, the actual extended filename is then
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210 printed on a separate line (immediately following the synthesized listing), with
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211 non-printable-ASCII characters escaped in \x hex form. We've also extended the
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212 individual-inode form of lsino command to list these extended filenames when
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213 encountering such, and we've extended catino (which needs to skip past the name
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214 to get to the beginning of the data portion of the head chunk) to not reject
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215 file head chunks with extended filenames in them as long as the needed
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216 separating NUL is found.