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annotate doc/TIFFS-IVA-usage @ 995:74024eb17e04

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fc-loadtool help: improve language regarding 16 MiB flash chips In FC project history, 16 MiB flash originally meant Pirelli DP-L10. Then we got FCDEV3B with the same flash (our own design), but now we are discovering more Calypso devices that used such large flash, both late Calypso era (Sony Ericsson K2x0) as well as much earlier ones (FIC FLUID devices.txt file with 2004 dates, Leonardo+ rev 5). Hence we need to migrate to more generic or neutral language in associated documentation, without giving elevated status to specific examples that drove our early project history.
author Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
date Sun, 03 Dec 2023 21:11:12 +0000
parents 3152e23399a2
children 11391cb6bdc0
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1 The generic tiffs utility needs to be invoked as follows:
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3 tiffs [global-options] <imgfile> <org> <cmd> [command-args]
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5 The first 3 non-optional arguments are the filename of the TIFFS image under
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6 examination, the FFS organization being examined, and the operation to be
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7 performed. The present utility is designed in the classic Unix manner in that
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8 each invokation performs a single operation and exits, such that invokations of
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9 tiffs (or one of the wrappers described below) may be plumbed into pipes and
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10 the like.
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12 The 2nd argument to tiffs after the FFS image filename describes how the TIFFS
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13 instance under study is organized in terms of flash sectors. The syntax of
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14 this argument is KxN, where K is the flash sector size in KiB and N is the
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15 number of sectors occupied by the FFS. For MokoFFS images the correct
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16 organization argument is 64x7 (7 sectors of 64 KiB each), for Pirelli's FFS
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17 images it is 256x18 (18 sectors of 256 KiB each), for TIFFS images read out of
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18 Tango modules with S71PL064J flash it is 64x15 (15 sectors of 64 KiB each), and
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19 for TIFFS images read out of FreeCalypso development boards with S71PL129N flash
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20 it is 256x8 (8 sectors of 256 KiB each).
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22 The following global options may be given before the image filename argument:
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23
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24 -a num
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26 Use the specified flash block (sector) as the inode array block.
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28 -o offset
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30 The FFS image begins at the specified offset within the file, rather
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31 than at the beginning. This option is useful when working with complete
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32 device flash dumps of which FFS is only a part, starting somewhere
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33 other than at 0.
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34
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35 -O
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37 The location field in the inode structure is 16 bits rather than 32,
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38 stored in the upper two bytes out of the four. This old FFS format
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39 (limited to 1 MiB total FFS size) was used by *very* old versions of
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40 TI's firmware and is incompatible with our "current" fw versions;
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41 so far the only encountered example of this old FFS format was found on
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42 the D-Sample board which the Mother scored in 2015 - it came with a
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43 firmware image dated 20020917.
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44
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45 -r ino
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46
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47 Use the specified inode as the root. Per the Mother's convention,
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48 TIFFS inode numbers are always given in hex, hence this argument is
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49 interpreted as hex without needing a 0x prefix.
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50
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51 The invokation syntax for mokoffs and pirffs wrappers is the same as for tiffs,
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52 except that the FFS organization argument (64x7 or 256x18) is omitted; the
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53 wrapper fills that argument in before passing the command to the main tiffs
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54 program. The only other difference is that instead of the generic -o global
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55 option, mokoffs takes a -f global option (no argument) which indicates that one
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56 is working with a complete flash dump image, rather than just the FFS portion;
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57 mokoffs -f gets translated into tiffs -o0x380000. (pirffs has no such option
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58 at all because Pirelli's FFS starts at offset 0 within its respective flash
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59 chip select.)
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60
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61 tiffs-8m is another similar wrapper; it is a more recent addition for working
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62 with TIFFS images from platforms like D-Sample and Tango that use TI's 8 MiB
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63 flash configuration. tiffs-8m strictly parallels mokoffs except than it is
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64 64x15 instead of 64x7, and -f turns into -o0x700000 instead of -o0x380000.
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65
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66 The next argument after the FFS organization for tiffs (or after the image
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67 filename for mokoffs, pirffs or tiffs-8m) is the command (or operation) to be
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68 performed. The following tiffs commands are currently available:
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69
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70 General information commands
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71 ============================
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72
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73 These commands display general or summary information about the FFS image:
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74
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75 tiffs <...> blkhdr
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77 This command displays the basic information contained in the header of each
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78 flash erase block comprising the FFS image.
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79
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80 tiffs <...> fsinfo
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81
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82 This command displays some general information about the file system.
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83
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84 Standard listing/extraction commands
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85 ====================================
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86
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87 These commands list or extract the normally-visible content of the FFS, i.e.,
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88 the content which is visible when the FFS is "mounted" normally, and which the
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89 FFS promises to preserve - as opposed to deleted or overwritten content.
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90
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91 tiffs <...> ls [-v[v]] [pathname...]
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92
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93 Tiffs ls without additional arguments yields a listing of the complete FFS
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94 directory tree, akin to tar tv. Example output fragment:
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95
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96 fr 4096 /.journal
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97 d /gsm
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98 d /gsm/rf
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99 d /gsm/rf/tx
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100 f 512 /gsm/rf/tx/ramps.900
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101 f 128 /gsm/rf/tx/levels.900
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102 f 128 /gsm/rf/tx/calchan.900
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103
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104 The first character is 'f' for files or 'd' for directories. An 'r' following
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105 immediately afterward means that the object has the read-only attribute set.
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106 For files the listing includes the content size in bytes, and the last part is
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107 the pathname of the object within the FFS.
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108
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109 With a single -v option added after ls, the output will include verbose
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110 information as to the segmentation structure of each file. With two -v options
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111 or with -vv, this additional output will also include the byte offset of each
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112 data chunk, relative to the beginning of the FFS image.
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113
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114 Tiffs ls with a pathname argument yields information about the specified FFS
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115 object; -v and -vv options act as already described, but are arguably more
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116 useful when listing single files.
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117
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118 tiffs <...> cat [-v|-h] pathname
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119
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120 Just like the standard Unix cat(1) command, but cat'ing files from the FFS image
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121 under study. The non-standard -h option means hex dump - it is handy because
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122 almost all files in TI's GSM device FFS are binary, rather than ASCII.
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123
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124 tiffs <...> xtr dest-dir
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125
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126 This command extracts the complete content of the FFS into your ordinary Unix
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127 file system. The sole argument is the local directory into which the root of
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128 the GSM device FFS should be extracted.
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129
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130 tiffs <...> decode file-keyword [band]
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131
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132 For some files in TIFFS doing a hex dump with tiffs cat -h (see above) is
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133 sufficient for easily understanding the content of the file, but for other files
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134 such as RF parameter tables further developer-friendly decoding is greatly
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135 desirable. The generic solution is to extract the complete FFS content with
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136 tiffs xtr and then apply further tools for analysis, but this fully generic
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137 solution involves a lot of clutter. For some TIFFS files which often need to be
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138 looked at and for which tiffs cat -h is insufficient, tiffs decode offers a
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139 shorthand. The following files can be decoded in this way:
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140
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141 Command File being decoded
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142 ----------------------------------------------------------
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143 tiffs <...> decode adccal /sys/adccal
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144 tiffs <...> decode afcdac /gsm/rf/afcdac
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145 tiffs <...> decode afcparams /gsm/rf/afcparams
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146 tiffs <...> decode stdmap /gsm/rf/stdmap
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147 tiffs <...> decode tx-ramps <band> /gsm/rf/tx/ramps.<band>
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148 tiffs <...> decode tx-levels <band> /gsm/rf/tx/levels.<band>
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149 tiffs <...> decode tx-calchan <band> /gsm/rf/tx/calchan.<band>
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150 tiffs <...> decode tx-caltemp <band> /gsm/rf/tx/caltemp.<band>
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151 tiffs <...> decode rx-calchan <band> /gsm/rf/rx/calchan.<band>
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152 tiffs <...> decode rx-caltemp <band> /gsm/rf/rx/caltemp.<band>
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153 tiffs <...> decode rx-agcparams <band> /gsm/rf/rx/agcparams.<band>
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154 tiffs <...> decode pcm-IMEI /pcm/IMEI
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155
0
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156 Forensic analysis commands
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157 ==========================
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158
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159 Unlike the "standard" listing/extraction commands which present TIFFS as a
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160 "normal" Unix file system, using the "forensic" commands effectively requires
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161 that the operator understands how TIFFS works, in particular, what an inode is
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162 in TIFFS.
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163
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164 tiffs <...> lsino [-v[v]]
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165
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166 This command lists the FFS inode array from first to last; this listing order
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167 will normally correspond to the forward chronological order of object creation.
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168 -v and -vv options add verbosity.
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169
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170 '.' in the object type column means segment, '~' means a deleted object. The
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171 lsino command only lists the inode array, and does not try to recover the
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172 original type of deleted/overwritten objects from the journal or other clues.
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173 The program attempts to recover the pathname of each inode, but because such
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174 reverse mapping from inodes to pathnames is not an operation which TIFFS was
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175 properly designed to support, and the pathname recovery algorithm in this TIFFS
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176 IVA tool is made as generic as possible (doesn't look at the object types), the
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177 lsino listing will occasionally include some bogus pathnames. Once again, it
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178 is expected that the operator knows what s/he is doing when using these forensic
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179 commands.
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180
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181 tiffs <...> lsino [-v[v]] [-f] ino...
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182
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183 This command works just like ls with an explicit pathname argument, but takes
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184 one or more inode numbers instead. The -f option matters only if the requested
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185 inode is in the deleted/overwritten state; it tells the lsino command to assume
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186 that the object is/was the head inode of a file; -vf and -vvf combinations are
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187 particularly useful.
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188
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189 tiffs <...> catino [-v|-h] ino
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190
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191 Just like regular cat, but takes an inode number instead of a pathname. Can be
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192 used to cat the old content of deleted or overwritten files.
922
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193
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194 Support for SE K2x0 extended filenames
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195 ======================================
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196
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197 As explained in the SE-K2x0-FFS article, Sony Ericsson K200/220 phones use
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198 TIFFS as their flexible data storage mechanism, but they also made their own
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199 non-standard extension to TIFFS in terms of extended UCS-2 filenames.
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200
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201 In order to allow listing full FFS trees from SE K2x0 phones with tiffs ls and
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202 possibly also extracting them with tiffs xtr, we have made the following hackish
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203 extension to our TIFFS IVA: whenever either of these two commands encounters an
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204 "extended" filename (one which fails standard TIFFS filename validity checks but
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205 has a terminating NUL that allows the name and data portions of the chunk to be
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206 separated) in the visible tree walk, our tool replaces it (for the purpose of
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207 listed pathname generation or extraction into host file system) with a
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208 synthesized pseudonym of the form "!bogo%04x", where %04x is the FFS inode
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209 number in hex. In the case of tiffs ls, the actual extended filename is then
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210 printed on a separate line (immediately following the synthesized listing), with
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211 non-printable-ASCII characters escaped in \x hex form. We've also extended the
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212 individual-inode form of lsino command to list these extended filenames when
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213 encountering such, and we've extended catino (which needs to skip past the name
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214 to get to the beginning of the data portion of the head chunk) to not reject
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215 file head chunks with extended filenames in them as long as the needed
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216 separating NUL is found.