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doc/Calypso-OpenOCD-Howto: noted lack of performance optimizations
author Mychaela Falconia <falcon@freecalypso.org>
date Sat, 29 Jun 2019 22:45:18 +0000
parents 66879ce73b3e
children
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66879ce73b3e doc/Calypso-OpenOCD-Howto article written
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1 Using OpenOCD to operate on Calypso JTAG: proof of concept
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2 ==========================================================
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3
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4 We have a proof-of-concept OpenOCD configuration for talking to Calypso JTAG
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5 based on the theoretical findings described in the Calypso-JTAG-notes document
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6 in the freecalypso-docs repository; the present document describes how one can
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7 practically use OpenOCD on an FCDEV3B target.
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8
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9 Choice of JTAG adapter hardware
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10 ===============================
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11
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12 The PoC presented here uses an off-the-shelf unbuffered FT2232D breakout board
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13 with a special EEPROM configuration as the JTAG adapter, as described in the
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14 Unbuffered-FT2232x-JTAG article. ADBUS0 through ADBUS3 are wired to standard
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15 JTAG signals as required by FTDI and ADBUS7 (acting as a GPIO) is wired to the
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16 XDS_RESET line on JTAG connector pin 2. This choice of using a generic FT2232D
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17 breakout board as opposed to a more purpose-made "professional" JTAG adapter
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18 was made deliberately in order to force the user to make a mental shift
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19 regarding reset signals: any standard JTAG adapter product will have two reset
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20 outputs designated as TRST and SRST, but the XDS_RESET signal on the FCDEV3B
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21 does not correspond to either of those. But a generic (non-JTAG-specific)
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22 FT2232x breakout board does not have TRST or SRST, it only has ADBUS and ACBUS
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23 pins that become GPIOs in MPSSE mode, allowing the user to break out of the
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24 TRST and SRST mentality: you just have a bunch of GPIOs, then arbitrarily pick
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25 one of those GPIOs and connect it to XDS_RESET, *without* associating it with
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26 either TRST or SRST.
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27
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28 The full set of needed wire connections is thus:
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29
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30 FT2232D signal FCDEV3B JTAG signal
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31 -----------------------------------
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32 ADBUS0 TCK (pin 11)
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33 ADBUS1 TDI (pin 3)
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34 ADBUS2 TDO (pin 7)
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35 ADBUS3 TMS (pin 1)
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36 ADBUS7 XDS_RESET (pin 2)
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37
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38 You will also need to connect at least one ground pin, hence 6 wires in total.
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39 There is no need to connect the undocumented and non-understood EMU0 and EMU1
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40 signals - we don't know what to do with them and we work without them. This
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41 wiring arrangement and all functionality described in this article work exactly
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42 the same way on both D-Sample and FCDEV3B boards. You will also need to
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43 reprogram the EEPROM on the FT2232D board as described in the
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44 Unbuffered-FT2232x-JTAG article *before* you connect it to the Calypso target
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45 board.
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46
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47 One can also connect just the 4 JTAG wires, without reset: there are some
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48 historical commercial phones and modems on which JTAG lines are accessible, but
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49 Iota nTESTRESET is not, or perhaps nTESTRESET is accessible, but you don't feel
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50 like replicating the transistor circuit that is required in order to drive it
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51 safely - the circuit that is present on development boards, but not on hacked-up
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52 phones and modems. In that case you will still be able to halt an already-
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53 running Calypso, but of course you won't be able to exercise reset_halt or
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54 reset_run operations described below.
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55
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56 Unpowered FT2232D adapter quirk
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57 ===============================
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58
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59 If you connect the FT2232D board to the FCDEV3B as described above, including
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60 the XDS_RESET signal and ground, you will notice the following quirk: if the
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61 custom-crimped JTAG cable is connected between the two boards, but the FT2232D
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62 board is not plugged into a USB host (has no USB power), the FCDEV3B will be
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63 held down in test reset: the green LED will be off, and neither button on the
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64 board will do anything. The FCDEV3B will be released from this reset and will
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65 boot in test reset mode with the green LED on the moment you plug the FT2232D
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66 board into your USB host.
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67
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68 Running OpenOCD
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69 ===============
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70
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71 With the FT2232D board plugged into your host PC or laptop and programmed with
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72 the custom USB ID of 0403:7151, you can run OpenOCD with the custom config file
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73 presented in the calypso-jtag directory in this repository:
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74
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75 openocd -f ft2232d-unbuf-poc.cfg
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76
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77 Being a proof of concept, this OpenOCD config file does not follow any of the
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78 guidelines regarding separation between adapters and targets, but is fully
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79 monolithic instead. This config is written to work with openocd-0.10.0
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80 (depends on the new ftdi driver), but does NOT use the target/ti_calypso.cfg
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81 fragment that has been included in mainline OpenOCD for quite some time: in the
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82 Mother's opinion, the latter is bogus. If someone wishes to bring Calypso
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83 support in the mainline OpenOCD distribution up to par, I do not have any
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84 advice or guidance for you: it is your job, not mine. The present PoC config
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85 that is rather antagonistic to mainline OpenOCD, its framework and its
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86 guidelines will always remain our standard answer to FreeCalypso customers
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87 asking how to make JTAG work.
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88
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89 When you run OpenOCD as above, the FCDEV3B target needs to be in the running
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90 state with the green LED on. OpenOCD will exercise and verify the scan chain,
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91 but it won't issue any resets or halts on its own, thus whatever code was
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92 running on the board won't be disturbed in any way by the act of running
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93 OpenOCD. You can then reset and/or halt the target as desired with our custom
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94 commands (Tcl procedures) as described below.
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95
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96 Halting the Calypso without a reset
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97 ===================================
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98
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99 To halt an already-running Calypso ARM7 core without a reset, stopping it at
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100 whatever point it happens to be in its code execution, execute this sequence:
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101
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102 enable_halt; halt
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103
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104 The enable_halt step is a custom Tcl procedure added by us, issuing the
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105 mysterious 0xB instruction and DR scan that are needed in order to enable halts
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106 on TI's modified version of the ARM7TDMI core. Once you have halted as above,
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107 you can resume and halt again without needing to re-execute the enable_halt
64
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108 step; the only time when the enable_halt step will need to be repeated is when
63
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109 the Calypso is reset.
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110
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111 You can safely halt the Calypso in this manner when the flash is blank and the
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112 boot ROM waits forever for a serial download, when you have loaded a RAM image
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113 with fc-xram -j and the target is left in loadagent, or when one of our standard
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114 firmwares is running; in all of these states the Calypso watchdog timer is
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115 disabled. However, if you are going to halt the Calypso when the watchdog timer
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116 is running, you will need to execute our wd (watchdog disable) command quickly
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117 after the halt, before the watchdog timer is allowed to expire. A simple way
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118 would be:
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119
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120 enable_halt; halt; wd
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121
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122 The wd command (Tcl procedure) name was deliberately made short so it can be
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123 typed quickly with fingers if need be.
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124
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125 Resetting with or without a halt
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126 ================================
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127
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128 We don't support OpenOCD's standard reset command because we found it too
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129 difficult to override its built-in assumptions which are wrong for our Calypso.
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130 Instead we have our own reset_halt and reset_run custom commands (Tcl
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131 procedures) that replace OpenOCD's standard 'reset halt' and 'reset run',
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132 respectively.
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133
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134 The reset_run command will reset the board without halting the Calypso, letting
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135 it boot and run normally. It is equivalent to pressing the RESET button on the
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136 board with your finger, except that it also re-initializes OpenOCD's scan scain
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137 and "target examination" state which would otherwise get confused.
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138
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139 The reset_halt command will reset the board and halt the Calypso immediately as
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140 it comes out of reset, halting at the reset vector before the first instruction
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141 of the boot ROM code (or the first instruction from external memory if operating
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142 on a D-Sample board with the boot switch set to external) is executed. The
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143 necessary disabling of the watchdog timer (wd procedure call) is already built
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144 into the reset_halt Tcl procedure; except for this wd step, all Calypso and Iota
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145 registers will be in their most pristine reset state.
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146
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147 Recovering bricked Compal phones
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148 ================================
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149
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150 Some Mot C1xx phones have Calypso JTAG signals brought out to accessible contact
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151 pads, allowing a way to recover from a bricked flash bootloader via JTAG.
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152 However, they do not bring out Iota nTESTRESET, instead they bring out a signal
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153 which they call DLPWR, which is really Iota RPWON. A procedure similar to our
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154 reset_halt would need to be performed as the first step in the recovery
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155 sequence, but it would need to be modified to work with DLPWR instead of
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156 XDS_RESET. The RPWON aka DLPWR signal will need to be driven with an OC/OD
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157 driver (it is internally pulled up to raw VBAT, which is not a safe voltage for
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158 standard 3.3V logic), and the switch-on and boot sequence will be triggered
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159 when this signal is pulled low, i.e., transitions from high to low. The
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160 subsequent release transition (from low back to pull-up high) does not matter,
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161 i.e., RPWON may be permanently pulled down as the Calypso boots and runs, very
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162 much unlike nTESTRESET or XDS_RESET.
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163
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164 It will be up to you to design whatever circuit you wish to use to produce an
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165 OC/OD driver that can be triggered from OpenOCD, but connecting RPWON aka DLPWR
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166 directly to an FT2232x I/O pin is not acceptable. Copying the circuit from
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167 TI/FC development boards that propagates XDS_RESET into nTESTRESET won't work
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168 either: this circuit only works when the V-IO regulator is already on, but
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169 RPWON is not a reset and will need to be triggered when the chipset is fully
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170 "cold".
63
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171
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172 You will also need to figure out the appropriate timing. You will need to
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173 insert a certain delay between RPWON assertion and the 'jtag arp_init' step in
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174 our reset_halt procedure: the VRPC state machine in the Iota chip will do a
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175 bunch of work between sensing a low on RPWON and releasing the Calypso from
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176 reset via ON_nOFF, and until then the JTAG scan chain won't work. But the
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177 delay cannot be too long either, or you won't halt the Calypso before it starts
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178 executing bogus code from the phone's bricked flash.
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179
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180 Once you do get a working reset_halt variant, the following steps will be
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181 straightforward:
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182
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183 1) Run fc-loadtool -h compal -c none /dev/ttyXXX on the serial port connected
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184 to the phone's headset jack;
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185
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186 2) Enable the boot ROM and jump to it with these commands:
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187
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188 mwh 0xFFFFFB10 0x100
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189 resume 0
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190
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191 The boot ROM will run while fc-loadtool is sending its beacons, fc-loadtool
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192 will load and run loadagent, and you can then recover the flash.
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193
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194 Lack of performance optimizations
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195 =================================
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196
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197 Our PoC OpenOCD-on-Calypso config does not set up a work area (an area of
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198 system RAM that is declared as a scratchpad for OpenOCD), nor does it enable
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199 arm7_9 dcc_downloads or arm7_9 fast_memory_access. These omissions are
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200 intentional, as those performance optimizations are outside of the scope of
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201 what I set out to do, which is to prove Calypso JTAG as working and provide a
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202 "golden reference" setup.
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203
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204 If you wish to set up an area in Calypso IRAM as a work area for OpenOCD, which
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205 is a prerequisite for arm7_9 dcc_downloads, you will need to choose the location
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206 based on your specific application - whether a given area will be suitable or
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207 not will depend on exactly what you are debugging and exactly what you are
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208 trying to do, which is once again outside of the scope of this PoC.